PubMed · 12970542
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Naomi Lubick. 2003-09-12. Science and engineering visualization challenge. Multimedia.. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.301.5639.1474
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On the occasion of the 150th anniversary of the death of Franz von Paula Gruithuisen, the authors present his life and work. His most significant work in the fields of urology and lithotrity is examined, with special emphasis on the development of the latter field. He published his epoch-making historic study in 1813 in the Journal of Medicine and Surgery (Medicinisch-Chirurgische Zeitung). Franz von Paula Gruithuisen, the Bavarian physician and astronomer, led the way in the field of lithotrity. He developed crucial ideas on how to remove bladder stones transurethrally in a way that was safer and less likely to cause death. His instruments can be regarded as the model on which subsequent devices are based. Gruithuisen's influence on European medical scientists and, in particular, his rivalry with Jean Civiale are discussed.
The 1919 eclipse expedition's confirmation of general relativity is often celebrated as a triumph of scientific internationalism. However, British scientific opinion during World War I leaned toward the permanent severance of intellectual ties with Germany. That the expedition came to be remembered as a progressive moment of internationalism was largely the result of the efforts of A. S. Eddington. A devout Quaker, Eddington imported into the scientific community the strategies being used by his coreligionists in the national dialogue: humanize the enemy through personal contact and dramatic projects that highlight the value of peace and cooperation. The essay also addresses the common misconception that Eddington's sympathy for Einstein led him intentionally to misinterpret the expedition's results. The evidence gives no reason to think that Eddington or his coworkers were anything but rigorous. Eddington's pacifism is reflected not in manipulated data but in the meaning of the expedition and the way it entered the collective memory as a celebration of international cooperation in the wake of war.