PubMed · 12825584
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A M Kellerer. 2003. Risk quantification.. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00411-003-0181-z
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Popular current thought states that hearing loss and facial weakness after radiosurgery of vestibular schwannomas is a function of cranial nerve damage. Although this may be true in some cases, the middle and inner ear contain rich networks of other sensitive structures that are at risk after radiotherapy and that may contribute to toxicity afterward. We reviewed the limited reported data regarding radiation tolerance of external, middle, and inner ear structures, and perspectives for therapy with gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery are addressed.
Completing our investigations concerning influences of weak magnetic fields on the visual discrimination threshold, we have investigated 30 subjects (20 female, 10 male) under rotation of the geomagnetic field without change in field strength. We related the thresholds to the values measured in the unchanged field. Comparison with a control experiment shows that correspondence between viewing and field direction results in a significant decrease of the threshold. The significance is lost if the angle between the directions is set to 20 degrees. On the basis of these and our earlier results an attempt is made to give a very simple description of the connection between field direction, field strength, and the change in the visual discrimination threshold.
Studies of visual ecology have typically focused on differences among species while paying less attention to variation among populations and/or individuals. Here, we show that the relative abundance of UV, violet, yellow, and red cones varies between two populations of bluefin killifish, Lucania goodei. Animals from a spring population (high-transmission UV/blue light) have a higher frequency of UV and violet cones and a lower frequency of yellow and red cones than animals from a swamp population (low-transmission UV/blue light). Visual sensitivity does not vary significantly between the populations, but spring animals tend to be more sensitive in the UV/blue wavelengths (360-440 nm) and less sensitive in longer wavelengths (560-600 nm) than swamp animals. The results have two important implications. First, the tight conservation of functional regions of opsin genes across taxa does not imply that visual systems are constrained in their evolution; differential sensitivity can arise through differential expression of cone classes within the retina. Second, intraspecific visual signals in this species may evolve to maximize contrast between the signaler and the background (as opposed to brightness); males with blue anal fins are most abundant in swamp habitats where animals express fewer UV and violet cones.