PubMed · 12561423
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2002. Erratic control knobs affect Siemens Servo 300 and 300A ventilators.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12561423/
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The fouling of ultrafiltration membranes by natural organic matter (NOM), isolated from a potable surface water source, was studied with an emphasis on elucidating fouling modes and the role of aggregates. NOM size was related to membrane pore sizes using parallel membrane fractionation and size exclusion chromatography, such analyses confirmed the predominance of low MW species and identified the presence of aggregates in concentrated NOM solutions. Cake formation was the dominant mode of fouling by the unfiltered feed, which contained aggregates. This was identified by a constant rate of increase in membrane resistance with permeate throughput and was independent of pore size over a 10-1000 kDa molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) range. Prefiltration (to remove aggregates) and dilution (to reduce aggregate concentration) reduced the rate of increase in membrane resistance for the low MWCO membranes but did not change the fouling mode. In contrast, such pretreatment prevented cake formation on the larger MWCO membranes and shifted the mode of fouling to pore blockage. The date lend support for the idea that an initial fouling layer of large aggregates can catalyze the fouling by lower MW species. The fouling layer could be removed from the large MWCO membranes by backwashing, but the lower MWCO membranes exhibited some irreversible fouling, suggesting that low MW species penetrated into the pore structure. A combined pore blockage-cake formation model described the data well and provided insight into how fouling modes evolve during filtration.
Due to advances in clip design, new types of surgical ligation clips are available that may reduce clip failure and improve function, especially for 5-mm clip appliers. We tested a preformed spring clip based on a 5-mm applier against other commonly used clips from 5- and 10-mm multiloading clip appliers. Five different clips were compared using a digital force gauge to test perpendicular pulloff force after application to tubing of varying thickness and compliance. The average pull-off force for commonly used 5-mm and 10-mm clip appliers was 0.29 +/- 0.06 and 0.35 +/- 0.05 kg, respectively. Average pull-off force for the new preformed spring clip was 0.53 +/- 0.07 kg (p <0.0001). The new clip technology has significantly higher pull-off force than other currently used clips. This may be particularly beneficial in procedures requiring 5-mm clip appliers, which are known to place clips with lower holding force.