PubMed · 12428531
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Harry Waugh. 2002. Time for new thinking.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12428531/
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The Stakeholder Forum will contribute a number of partnership initiatives in the areas of food security, freshwater, energy and health. These will demonstrate that stakeholders, working in partnership, can play their roles and meet their responsibilities in delivering sustainable development agreements.
Integration of the water and energy sectors is a key issue for effective resource management. However, everything that seems to make sense cannot always be easily accomplished. Barriers are ultimately related to political will where a variety of "instruments" is needed to make such coordination effective.
While Europa has emerged as a leading candidate for harboring extraterrestrial life, the apparent lack of a source of free energy for sustaining living systems has been argued. In this theoretical analysis, we have quantified the amount of energy that could in principle be obtained from chemical cycling, heat, osmotic gradients, kinetic motion, magnetic fields, and gravity in Europa's subsurface ocean. Using reasonable assumptions based on known organisms on Earth, our calculations suggest that chemical oxidation-reduction cycles in Europa's subsurface ocean could support life. Osmotic and thermal gradients, as well as the kinetic energy of convection currents, also represent plausible alternative sources of energy for living systems at Europa. Organisms thriving on these gradients could interact with each other to form the complex energy cycling necessary for establishing a stable ecosystem.