PubMed · 11831313
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G Milicich. 2001. Proof first, profit second.. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1708-8240.2001.tb00245.x
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We have developed an efficient and novel polyene-dye-sensitized nanocrystalline TiO2 solar cells producing a 6.8% solar energy-to-electricity conversion efficiency (eta) under AM 1.5 irradiation (100 mW cm(-2)): short-circuit current density (Jsc), 12.9 mA cm(-2), open-circuit photovoltage (Voc), 0.71 V, fill factor (ff), 0.74.
Early in 2000 an interlaboratory trial on immunohistochemistry was held in Germany in which 172 pathologists took part. Each pathologist received one H&E stained and five unstained slides of five different tumors to reach a diagnosis based on immunohistochemical stains. Additionally, the diagnosis-independent staining quality was assessed by using a multi-tissue block. Altogether, 828 diagnoses were made, among which 57% (468) were correct. The individual steps of immunohistochemistry (tentative morphological diagnosis, choice of primary antibodies, technical staining quality, conclusions from the diagnosis and rendering a final diagnosis) were assessed independently. Although each of these steps was correlated to the correct final diagnosis, in the multivariate analysis only the tentative diagnosis, choice of primary antibodies and the conclusions drawn from individual stains were independent factors to reach the correct final diagnosis. In the diagnostic part of the interlaboratory trial, the technical quality of the immunostaining was not an independent variable to reach a correct diagnosis. In contrast, the results of the multi-tissue block proved that the immunohistochemical staining quality has to be standardized to reach reproducible results in defining the estrogen receptor expression as a basis for therapeutic decisions.
BACKGROUND: Simultaneous measurement of cellular DNA and RNA content provides information for determination of the functional status of cells and, clinically, for the diagnosis and grading assessment of various tumors. Most current flow cytometric methods are based on resolving the fluorescence emission spectra of dyes that bind preferentially to either type of nucleic acid. However, several monochromatic nucleic acid-binding fluorochromes display resolvable differences in fluorescence lifetime when bound to DNA or RNA. The differences in the lifetime of one fluorescent probe provide an alternate means to distinguish the binding of one probe to these cellular macromolecules and to simultaneously measure their cellular contents. METHODS: Three nucleic acid intercalating dyes, propidium iodide, ethidium bromide, and ethidium homodimer 1, were selected to study differences in fluorescence lifetimes when bound to cellular DNA and RNA. Fixed HL-60 cells were treated with specific nucleases to initially determine the lifetime values of each dye when bound to the cellular DNA, RNA, or both. The lifetime values were then used as the signatures to resolve the cellular DNA and RNA contents in untreated cells. RESULTS: All three dyes showed fluorescence lifetime differences when bound to RNase-treated, DNase-treated, or untreated cells. With these lifetime values, the fluorescence emissions from DNA, RNA, or DNA/RNA were resolved from untreated cells with the use of phase-sensitive detection. The lifetime differences resulting from the binding to either type of nucleic acid depended on the dye, the staining concentration, and the analysis condition. CONCLUSIONS: The lifetimes of the nucleic acid-binding fluorochromes were altered when binding to different macromolecules under different conditions. Phase-sensitive flow cytometry provided a unique means for simultaneous discrimination and quantification of subcellular macromolecules with one fluorescent probe. The data demonstrated the capabilities for resolving relative cellular DNA and RNA contents based on fluorescence lifetime.