PubMed · 11770776
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R Petkewich. 2001-12-01. Deciphering PCB degradation.. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0125671
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Nutrient disposal to sensitive areas, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater treatment plants, provokes eutrophication reducing water quality. Fixed film technology is widely used for the removal of organic matter and nitrogen by the biological process of nitrification-denitrification. This paper studies a nitrification and post-denitrification lab-scale plant with a downflow aerobic submerged filter for removal of organic matter and nitrification, followed by an anoxic upflow biofilter for denitrification. Recycled construction material (clay shists) was employed as support material and methanol was used as carbon source. After 2 weeks of acclimation in which nitrification reached steady-state conditions, different hydraulic loadings (0.35-1.59 m(3)/m(2)h) and air flowrates (7.78-43.5 m(3)/m(2)h) were applied for 1 year. The highest hydraulic loading which complied with the EU regulation on nitrogen disposal was 0.71 m(3)/m(2)h (1.6 h). Hydraulic retention time (HRT), which corresponded to a nitrogen removal of 0.64 kg N/m(3) per day operating at an air flowrate of 25.6 m(3)/m(2)h. Concerning to organic matter removal efficiency, the aerobic reactor accepted a maximum chemical oxygen demand (COD) volumetric loading of 16.0 kg COD/m(3) per day with a 75% COD removal efficiency. For all the tests carried out, suspended solids (SS) concentration in the outlet water was less than 35 mg/l.
The oxidation of the organic substrate present in wastewaters generated in wine distilleries ("wine vinasses") is studied by both an ozonation process and by an aerobic activated sludge system. The ozonation process is conducted in a subsequent first discontinuous and a second continuous periods. Values are reported of the organic matter removal, measured as chemical oxygen demand (COD) (5-25.2%) and as total aromatic compounds content (16.8-51.4%). The influences of the inlet ozone partial pressure, the hydraulic retention time in the reactor and the presence of UV radiation and H2O2 in addition to ozone are established. Approximate kinetic studies are conducted for both periods which lead to the evaluation of the apparent rate constants for the substrate decomposition 216l/(mol O3 h) and 232l/(g COD h), respectively. In the aerobic degradation by the activated sludge system, the evolution of the organic substrate and biomass are followed during both the discontinuous and continuous stages of the whole process, and COD removals from 31 to 85% are obtained for a hydraulic retention time between 24 and 72 h. For the first stage, a kinetic study is performed by using the Contois model, which applied to the experimental data provides the specific kinetic parameters: q(max)=0.190 g COD/(g volatile suspended solids (VSS)h) and K(1)=6.48g COD/g VSS. For the continuous period, the kinetic study carried out provides the specific rate constant for the substrate decomposition, q=0.027 g COD/(g VSS h).
Phosphorus (P)-accumulating microbial granules were developed at different substrate P/chemical oxygen demand (COD) ratios in the range of 1/100 to 10/100 by weight in sequencing batch reactors. The soluble COD and PO4-P profiles showed that the granules had typical P-accumulating characteristics, with concomitant uptake of soluble organic carbon and the release of phosphate in the anaerobic stage, followed by rapid phosphate uptake in the aerobic stage. The size of P-accumulating granules exhibited a decreasing trend with the increase in substrate P/COD ratio, while the structure of the granules became more compact and denser as the substrate P/COD ratio increased. The P uptake by granules fell within the range of 1.9% to 9.3% by weight, which is comparable with uptake obtained in conventional enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) processes. It was further found that low aerobic respirometric activity of granules in terms of specific oxygen utilization rate favors P uptake by granules. The results presented would be useful for the further development of a novel granule-based EBPR technology.