PubMed · 11685954
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I Bouhier. 2001. [Image sources].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11685954/
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BACKGROUND: Flow cytometry is the standard method for the multi-parametric analysis of cells. However, for about a decade, an instrument has been available which analyses fluorescing cells immobilised on slides called a laser scanning cytometer (LSC). Its design, according to the principles of slide-based cytometry, promises many advantages, especially in the analysis of minimal sample volumes. METHODS AND PATIENTS: To date, applications for cultured cells and animal models have been established. Its use for clinical purposes, however, remains to be critically evaluated. We analysed a variety of specimens obtained in our clinical routine. RESULTS: First, the instrument's resolution was evaluated using standardised particles. This showed a very good sensitivity across a wide range of fluorescence intensities at various wavelengths. Next, diverse applications for tissue engineering, immunophenotyping, and ENT-oncology were tested. Considering its microanalytical capacities, LSC proved to be a convincing tool for clinical use. Additionally, complex structures such as bi-layers of cultured cells were analysed. CONCLUSION: A broad spectrum of applications in clinical practice and research for the LSC is evident.
The current work provides a design and fabrication technique for a micro channel system that can provide a uniform heat flux boundary condition on the channel wall and a well insulation on the wall to prevent heat loss from the channel to the outside ambient. Therefore, detailed micro-scale flow and heat transfer process and information along the channel can be studied. Semiconductor sensor material was selected to fabricate both the heaters and the arrays of temperature sensors on a silicon substrate. These heaters and sensors were then moved to a low thermal conductivity epoxy-glass substrate for fabrication of the channel. Design consideration and fabrication techniques involved in this processes will be discussed. A final measurement for the validation of the heaters and the sensors fabricated and a study of the flow friction behavior and the heat transfer coefficient distributions inside the micro channel will be presented. The local Nusselt number distrubution inside the micro channel is reported the first time in the open literature.
X-ray spectra are composed of a broad bremsspectrum and anode-characteristic emission lines. In mammography typically molybdenum (Mo), rhodium (Rh) or tungsten (W) anodes are used in combination with Mo, Rh or aluminium filters. Only the photons with energies between 17 and 22 keV of the resulting spectrum are suitable for the soft tissue imaging needed for mammography. The aim of this article is to present first results obtained with a monochromator module mounted at the exit of the X-ray tube of a conventional clinical mammography unit. The experimental setup consists of a Siemens Mammomat 300, an X-ray monochromator module and a linear array detector for image acquisition. The technique is similar to the slot-scan technique known from digital mammography. The experimental machine allows to obtain images both with polychromatic and monochromatic X-rays. Initial evaluation of the system was performed by examination of a contrast-detail phantom (CD-MAM-phantom, Nijmegen, The Netherlands). Images done with the new monochromatic technique were compared to images of the phantom done with polychromatic spectra, with film-screen mammography as well as with digital mammography. The new technique with monochromatic slot-scan mammography resulted in correct identification of 93% of the phantom. Digital slot-scan mammography with polychromatic beam resulted in correct identification of 87%, digital full-field mammography in 83% and conventional film-screen mammography in 70% of the phantom. The results suggest that monochromatization has a potential for improving image quality or decreasing dose in X-ray mammography.