PubMed · 11643695
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David W Fouts, Robert Shepherd. 1982-02-05. Nuclear war.. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1982.03320300011005
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The self-accelerating decomposition temperature (SADT) is according to the United Nations Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods needed for transport classification of goods as class 4.1 (self-reactive). One of the methods recommended to determine the SADT is the Dewar-method.The method is well suited to assess the transport stability of liquids, whereas for solids the assessment errs on the unsafe side. The differences in heat transfer between solids and liquids are explained using cooling curves and classifying them by their Biot and Fourier-numbers and by applying the theories of Semenov and Frank-Kamenetskii for the critical heat release rates.
This study demonstrates that ultrasound rapidly degrades the energetic compounds RDX (cyclo-1,3,5-trinitramine-2,4,6-trimethylene) and ADN (ammonium dinitramide) in aqueous microheterogeneous media. The conditions for effective degradation of these nitramines, as monitored by UV absorption spectroscopy, were determined by varying sonication time, the heterogeneous phase and its suspension density, and the concentration of NaOH. In the presence of 5 mg/ml of aluminum powder and at pH approximately 12 (10 mM NaOH), 74% of the RDX and 86% of the ammonium dinitramide (ADN) in near-saturated solutions decompose within the first 20 min of sonication (20 kHz; 50 W; < or =5 degrees C). Sonication without Al powder and base yields minimal degradation of either RDX and ADN (approximately 5-10%) or the nitrite/nitrate ions that are expected byproducts during RDX and ADN degradation. Sonication at high pH in the presence of dispersed aluminosilicate zeolite, alumina, or titanium dioxide also yields minimal degradation. Preliminary electrochemical studies and product analyses indicate that in situ ultrasonic generation of metallic aluminum and/or aluminum hydride drives reductive denitration of the nitramines. Sonochemical treatment in the presence of a reductant offers an effective and rapid waste remediation option for energetic waste compounds.
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