PubMed · 11635375
The source did not provide an abstract. Follow the original record for more information.
Explore connections, maps & timelines
C Gallini. 1986. [Not Available].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11635375/
Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.
KEEP EXPLORING
Mucosal vaccines could result in a great scientific and practical achievement. More than three decades of research in experimental models have shown promising results in stimulating mucosal immune responses, thus, it was expected that within a short time mucosal vaccines for human use could be achieved. Indeed this is not being the case. In the last few years, the most important oral vaccine, the anti-polio developed by Sabin in the fifties, has been progressively abandoned in developed countries to avoid the few cases of disease caused by the vaccine. Furthermore, two recently developed mucosal vaccines for human use against rotavirus diarrhoea and influenza were withdrawn after a short period in the market because of adverse reactions among the vaccinees. This controversial situation has created a difficult future for research on mucosal vaccine at the industrial level. A great help and encouragement for believers in mucosal vaccines has been given by the EU Commission through the 5th Framework Programme (5FP). At the end of the first projects of the 5FP, it is quite clear that mucosal vaccines are experiencing a real renaissance. The Euroconference/Workshop "Novel Strategies of Mucosal Immunisation through Exploitation of Mechanisms of Innate Immunity in Pathogen-Host Interaction", organised under the sponsorship of the EU Commission and reported in this special issue of Vaccine, witnesses a very creative moment of European groups involved in mucosal immunology. This conclusive paper of the issue is intended to describe a positive experience of some European scientists that have been working together in organised fashion within two EU projects. The first, defined by the acronym MUCIMM, was aimed to pave the way to tackle mucosal vaccines with different approaches, mainly that of new delivery systems and adjuvants, that of dissecting the fine mechanisms of basic mucosal responses and that of obtaining meaningful assays to measure human immune responses to mucosal vaccines. The second, the MUCADJ project, was aimed to prove that an intranasally delivered influenza vaccine induces protective levels of immunity in human adult volunteers. The results obtained demonstrate that mucosal vaccines for humans are feasible. It is interesting to note how this model of making biomedical research is flourishing, becoming an example for work organisation. At the same time it is important to underline some of the limits of this cooperative approach and it is also mandatory to spend a word of consciousness regarding the impact that the new European regulations could exert on mucosal vaccines, particularly for those based on live delivery systems. In a world where the damages caused by syringe needles are still largely visible, mucosal vaccines could represent an extremely important tool to fight infections, particularly in the large population of the most impoverished. The EU Commission will still encourage and support mucosal vaccines in the 6FP. The scientific community must decide in which direction has to proceed to avoid regulatory problems that could halt a promising tool to improve human health. The envelope has been pushed, the trip begins.
Since 1984, the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region has had targets for reducing the burden of a number of communicable diseases. While some countries have already met the targets for interrupting indigenous measles transmission and for reducing the incidence of congenital rubella syndrome to <1 case per 100,000 births, most have not. The cultural and economic diversity of the region present a number of challenges that must be overcome before the regional targets are met. These include social factors, political will, economic costs associated with supplementary campaigns, and more effective communication with health professionals and the public on the benefits and risks associated with immunization. Most WHO European Region member states are expected to use combined measles-mumps-rubella vaccine within the next 5 years. Consultation within the region is occurring on a strategic plan to meet the targets by 2010.
Flowabilities of six commercially available, direct compression excipients, Emcompress, Fujicalin, Starch 1500, Avicel PH-102, Tablettose 80, and Tablettose 100 were examined according to the technical procedure described in the current European Pharmacopoeia, and with a Sotax Flow Tester. Results revealed unfavourable properties for Fujicalin compared to other substances. Fujicalin, however, appeared macroscopically to be of extremely pronounced free-flowing properties. This contradiction was studied in more detail, proposing to express powder flow in terms of volume per time unit rather than mass per time unit (volume-flowability).