PubMed · 11632072
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F Kudlien. 1974. [Not Available].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11632072/
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PURPOSE: Hippocrates was a famous physician of Kos in ancient Greece (c. 460 B.C.). His works were later described in the Hippocratic Collection, in which I studied disorders of urination. MATERIALS AND METHODS: I collected mentions of disorders of urination in the Hippocratic Collection (Roeb, Otsuki and Kon editions) to compared description of disorders of urination between the Kos and Knidos Schools. RESULTS: Disorders of urination were mentioned in 67 parts (sentences or sections): difficult urination in 50, retention of urine in 15 and urinary incontinence in two or three (presumably complicated by difficult urination in one). sigmastrangourih (strangourih) and deltadusourih (dusourih) were counted in 20 and 30 parts, respectively. sigmastrangourih was used in 12 (60%), 5 (25%) and 3 (15%) respective descriptions by Kos, Knidos, and unspecified School, while deltadusourih was used in 13 (43%), 17 (57%), and no descriptions; the correlation was not significant, (chi-squared test, p > 0.05). Descriptions of "stoppage of the urine or bladder", "blockage of the urine", "inability to pass urine", and "check" in classic Greek may mean retention of urine, which also is suspected in the case of severe deltadusourih and sigmastrangourih. Retention of urine only appeared in descriptions by the Kos School, except for one of origin not specified between the Kos and Knidos Schools. The terms "deltadusourih" and "sigmastrangourih" are the origins of the English terms "dysuria" and "strangury". Dysuria ("dys + urine + ia") denotes painful or difficult urination, while strangury ("drop + urine") denotes slow and painful discharge of urine. Deltadusourih and sigmastrangourih with severe pain appear in descriptions by the Kos School. However, in classic Greek, these words by no means always meant painful urination, which differed partially from present-day meanings of dysuria and strangury. There were deltadusourih, sigmastrangourih, and retention of urine accompanied by severe, slight or no pain. The former degree of pain may have included urinary tract infection and/or prostatitis, with the latter, including prolape of uterus or bladder. Sigmastrangourih was a chronic disease of a nonfatal natures, unless complications occurred. "Unconsciously passed a copious discharge of urine" may refer to urinary incontinence, which was seen in one description by Kos and two by Knidos. Two types of urinary incontinence were described, copious and drop urine wise urinary incontinence; the former may represent neurogenic bladder caused by brain dysfunctions, while the latter may represent overflow incontinence. Urethral catheterization and diuretics already were mentioned in the Hippocratic Collection. Bleeding and anodyne were used in treatment of deltadusourih and sigmastrangourih. CONCLUSIONS: Disorders of urination appeared in four categories, namely difficult urination or dysuria: dropwise urine or strangury; urinary retention : and urinary incontinence. Severe disorders of urination appear frequently in descriptions by the Kos School.
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It has often been claimed the Greek medical science has its origin in the rational explanation of the world among the early Greek philosophers that constituted their inquiry into nature. However, there were doctors who made an attempt to establish medical science as existing independently of any philosophical intrusion. This can be elucidated through the analysis of the medical term physis, conceptualized, among others, in the well-known treatise in the Hippocratic Corpus, entitled De Natura Hominis (NH). In NH, the Hippocratic doctor criticizes the philosophical anthropology and medical theory, which hold that human nature comes into being emergently from single elemental stuff such as Air, Water etc, or from a single humor. His own view of human nature claims that the four humors (blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile) constitute the nature (physis) of human body. The human body has its natural powers inherently for preserving health, and, if anything does harm to it, it functions autonomously for restoring its normal condition. In this context, the term physis denotes what determines the normality of the body, in which its humoral constituents remain harmonized with each other. THrough the conception of physis, applied principally to the body, the human body will be demarcated as the physical or material aspect of human nature, as opposed to the monistic view of human nature, which has not drawn a categorical distinction between the material and the non-material.