PubMed · 11614082
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H Kremling. 1992. [Not Available].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11614082/
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Forensic science is an applied science based on the laws of physics and chemistry. Over time, a set of fundamental concepts has developed that apply specifically to a forensic analysis. Traditionally, five concepts have been articulated: transfer, identification, individualization, association between source and target, and reconstruction. We suggest that an additional sixth concept, the idea that matter must divide before it can be transferred, is necessary to complete the paradigm. Divisible matter is particularly useful in describing physical match evidence. Additionally, we propose a paradigm that logically divides into scientific principles that govern the generation of evidence, and processes that pertain to the recognition, analysis, and interpretation of evidence. The principles of divisible matter and transfer pertain to the generation of evidence before and during the crime event; the processes of identification, classification or individualization, association, and reconstruction describe the practice of forensic science starting with the recognition of an item as evidence.
Frequency data of 20 polymorphisms (13 autosomal and 6 Y-chromosome STRs and the Alu-insertion YAP) were determined in a sample of 124 unrelated Jewish individuals from Ashkenazi, Sephardic, North African and Oriental origin. The a priori statistical power of the set of studied loci was highly discriminating (PD=1 in 2.393 E+15 individuals for autosomal STRs, and a probability of finding two unrelated males with the same haplotype of less than 0.01). Some significant population differences were registered between Jews and other Circummediterranean populations in Y-chromosome loci frequencies.
A method for the determination of methemoglobin in the presence of other hemoglobin subforms (i.e., oxy-, deoxy-, and carboxyhemoglobin) by use of derivative spectrophotometry is proposed. The method, which uses the first-derivative of the spectrum at 645 nm, is straightforward and expeditious, so it is of special interest to forensic toxicology laboratories as it allows the simultaneous determination of the methemoglobin saturation percentage and the hemoglobin concentration. This facilitates interpretation of the results and provides a better understanding of the significance of methemoglobin saturation in specific cases. Based on an analysis of interferences, the presence of other hemoglobin subforms or of endogenous components of plasma does not detract in any way from the performance of the method.