PubMed · 11252246
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C Capaday. 2001. Force-feedback during human walking.. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0166-2236(00)01709-4
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The hypotheses of this investigation were based on the conception of automatic mimicking being an early component involved in the formation of emotional empathy. The parameters compared were facial mimicry reactions, as represented by electromyographic (EMG) activity when subjects were exposed to pictures of angry or happy faces, and the degree of correspondence between facial EMG reactions and their own reported feelings. The subjects in the high-empathy group were found to have a higher degree of mimicking behaviour, while the low-empathy group showed inverse zygomaticus muscle reactions; they "smiled" when exposed to angry faces.
There continues to be great interest in evaluating the adaptive plasticity of the human nervous system in response to exercise training or other interventions. For various reasons, researchers have been interested in estimates of spinal reflex processing in intact human subjects before and after training. A reflex pathway that has been employed in this regard is the Hoffmann (H) reflex. This brief review describes the basic procedure for evoking the H reflex in different muscles. Other sections address methodological issues that affect interpretation of the H reflex. In particular, the role that presynaptic inhibition serves in the modification of the H reflex and how this precludes its use as an unambiguous measure of alpha-motoneuron excitability will be discussed. Applications of the H reflex to study adaptive plasticity in humans is also reviewed, and methodological requirements that should be maintained for accurate interpretation of H reflexes in exercise studies are presented.