PubMed · 11199568
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W Osmunson. Bonding techniques.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11199568/
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MATERIAL AND METHODS: The aim of the present in vitro study was to evaluate the bonding capacity of three self-etching primers (Clearfil SE Bond [SE], Clearfil Liner Bond 2V [CLB], Novabond [NOVA]) to enamel. Two adhesive systems with a separate phosphoric acid etching procedure (Gluma Comfort Bond [GLU], Kurasper F [KU]) served as controls. 60 human incisors were used to evaluate shear bond strengths of composite cylinders to enamel. RESULTS: Significant differences were found between the groups (p < 0.001). The mean value for groups GLU, KU, CLB and SE was 24 MPa. The shear bond strength recorded for the Novabond system was significantly lower (17 MPa). CONCLUSION: The results of the present investigation indicate that enamel bonding especially with the self-etching primers CLB and SE is as effective as conventional phosphoric acid etching.
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) combined with a nano-indentation technique was used to reveal the structure and to perform site-specific mechanical testing of the enamel of third molars. Nano-indentations (size<500 nm) were made in the cusp area to measure the mechanical properties of single enamel rods at different orientations. The influence of etching on the physical properties was studied and etching conditions that did not significantly alter the plastic-elastic response of enamel were defined. Elasticity and hardness were found to be a function of the microstructural texture. Mean Young's moduli of 87.5 (+/-2.2) and 72.2 (+/-4.5) GPa and mean hardness of 3.9+/-0.3 and 3.3+/-0.3 GPa were measured in directions parallel and perpendicular to the enamel rods, respectively. Analysis of variance showed that the differences were significant. The observed anisotropy of enamel is related to the alignment of fibre-like apatite crystals and the composite nature of enamel rods. Mechanical properties were also studied at different locations on single enamel rods. Compared to those in the head area of the rods, Young's moduli and hardness were lower in the tail area and in the inter-rod enamel, which can be attributed to changes in crystal orientation and the higher content of soft organic tissue in these areas.
OBJECTIVE: Gallium and indium-containing alloys have demonstrated an ability to wet and bond to many types of materials including enamel. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the bond strengths of a gallium-and-indium-containing alloy and a dental amalgam to human enamel surfaces. METHOD: A flat enamel bonding surface was created by slicing recently extracted human molars with a 180-grit diamond wheel. Cylinders of amalgam or a gallium-indium alloy were bonded to the as-cut surfaces or to as-cut surfaces that had been pumiced, air-abraded or acid-etched for various times. Before testing, samples were stored under different conditions (100% humidity, immersed in water, thermocycled). The shear-bond strength was determined using a crosshead speed of 0.1 mm x min(-1). Sample size was 10. Data was subjected to ANOVA and a post-hoc Tukey's test. RESULTS: The bond strength of amalgam to enamel was zero. The bond strength of the gallium-indium alloy ranged between 6.5 MPa (10s etch with 10% phosphoric acid) and 4.2 MPa (pumiced enamel). Acid-etching significantly increased the bond strength (P>0.0001) The bond strength was not significantly affected by the type of mechanical surface preparation, storage conditions, thermocycling, etching times or acid concentrations. SIGNIFICANCE: Bonding, particularly chemical bonding, suggests a greater potential for better wetting and therefore better sealing of a cavity. Since microleakage of restorations is one of the principal causes of restoration failure, materials that can bond may in turn posses enhanced resistance to microleakage and ultimately, resistance to restoration failure. The gallium-indium alloy evaluated in this study may be such an alloy.