PubMed · 11028300
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S Hashimoto, S Midorikawa, H Sanada, T Watanabe. 2000. [Loop diuretics].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11028300/
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A capillary zone electrophoretic method was developed for the separation of the high-ceiling loop diuretic Torasemide and three of its metabolites (M1, M3 and M5) using an experimental design approach. Two different experimental designs were employed to optimize the developed method: (i) a fractional factorial design examining six factors at two levels (2(6-2)) and (ii) a central composite design examining two factors at two levels (2(2)+2x2+p). The factors studied were: pH, buffer concentration, proportion of boric acid in the mixed boric acid:potassium dihydrogen phosphate background electrolyte, temperature, applied voltage and percentage of organic modifier. Resolution between peaks was established as response. Separation of the four studied compounds was achieved in less than 8 min, using an electrolyte of 20 mM boric acid:potassium dihydrogen phosphate (75:25 v/v) with 15% MeOH adjusted to pH 9.7 with KOH, at a potential of 28 kV. Detection wavelength and temperature were 206 nm and 35 degrees C, respectively.
OBJECTIVE: To summarise the current evidence from randomised controlled trials for diuretics in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). DATA SOURCES: English-language randomised controlled trials and review papers referenced in Medline, Embase between 1966 and 1999. General literature review of pertinent journals was carried out and reference lists of papers were inspected. REVIEW METHOD STUDY DESIGN: Meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of diuretic therapy in patients with CHF. STUDY SELECTION: Studies were included if they were randomised comparisons of loop or thiazide diuretics and control, or one diuretic and another active agent (e.g. ACE inhibitors, ibopamine and digoxin). DATA ABSTRACTION: Using a standardised protocol, two reviewers independently abstracted the data and assessed the methodological quality of each paper. DATA SYNTHESIS: The odds ratio (OR) of treated group compared with control was estimated for each end-point outcome and plotted against each other using the fixed-effects model. THE MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcomes of our analysis were effects of diuretics on mortality and morbidity. RESULTS: Eighteen trials met our criteria and were eligible for analysis, involving 928 patients. Eight trials were placebo-controlled. We analysed the data for mortality and for worsening heart failure. A further ten trials compared diuretics against other agents such as ACE inhibitors, ibopamine, and digoxin. Mortality data were available in three of the placebo-controlled trials (n=221); the mortality rate was lower for patients treated with diuretics than for control [the odds ratio for death, 0.25; 95% confidence intervals (CI), 0.07-0.84; P=0.03]. Admissions for worsening heart failure in the four small trials (n=448) showed an odds ratio of 0.31 (95% CI 0.15-0.62; P=0.001). In six studies of diuretics compared to active control, diuretics significantly improved exercise capacity in patients with CHF [OR: 0.37; CI: 0.10-0.64, P=0.007]. CONCLUSION: Compared to active control, diuretics appear to reduce the risk of worsening disease and improve exercise capacity. The available data from small studies show that in CHF conventional diuretics reduce the risk of death and worsening heart failure compared to placebo.
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