PubMed · 10905113
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L Stoneham. 2000. Reaching common ground.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10905113/
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The Commission for Health Improvement will have authority to monitor private hospitals treating NHS patients. The private sector will be subject to the NHS complaints procedure. The issue of medical staffing for private hospitals needs to be addressed. The uneven spread of private facilities across the country undermines the partnership. Arrangements to cut NHS waiting lists will reduce demand for private medical insurance.
In this paper, we present a cultural evolutionary model in which norms for cooperation and punishment are acquired via two cognitive mechanisms: (1) payoff-biased transmission-a tendency to copy the most successful individual; and (2) conformist transmission-a tendency to copy the most frequent behavior in the population. We first show that if a finite number of punishment stages is permitted (e.g. two stages of punishment occur if some individuals punish people who fail to punish non-cooperators), then an arbitrarily small amount of conformist transmission will stabilize cooperative behavior by stabilizing punishment at some n -th stage. We then explain how, once cooperation is stabilized in one group, it may spread through a multi-group population via cultural group selection. Finally, once cooperation is prevalent, we show how prosocial genes favoring cooperation and punishment may invade in the wake of cultural group selection.