Oocyte-sperm interactions.

Abstract

The penetration of the zona pellucida is a crucial step during fertilization. Spermatozoa that are unable to recognize and bind to the zona pellucida glycoproteins or respond to the zona pellucida by undergoing the acrosome reaction fail to fertilize the egg. In most mammalian species, after entering the fallopian tube sperm are stored in the isthmic part of the oviduct under conditions that maintain sperm viability and synchronize both sperm transport and the process of acquisition of fertilizing ability, called capacitation. Only capacitated sperm are enabled to recognize the oocyte and respond to the oocyte signals in an appropriate manner. Close to time of ovulation sperm are released from the oviductal epithelium and swim to site of fertilization. The oviduct and the oocyte itself appear to coordinate sperm function and gamete interaction. The gamete recognition and the next levels of interaction are probably granted by the carbohydrate-protein interactions. Upon binding the signal cascade leading to acrosomal exocytosis is activated, eventually initiated by aggregation of zona pellucida receptor molecules. These signal transducing mechanisms are primed during the capacitation process. Tyrosine phosphorylation, tightly connected to the cholesterol efflux from the plasma membrane, and hyperpolarization seem be involved in this priming by activation of Ca(2+) pathways. Further preparational steps of the acrosome reaction may be mediated by osmosensitive signal transducing mechanisms. The current perspective focuses on the molecules involved in the complex hierarchy of sperm-egg interactions and regulative events priming sperm cell during capacitation for the acrosome reaction.