PubMed · 10787635
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J V Krafsur, F W Nagorka. 2000. Documentation in a two-tiered system.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10787635/
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A review of data mining and analysis techniques that can be used for the mapping of knowledge domains is given. Literature mapping techniques can be based on authors, documents, journals, words, and/or indicators. Most mapping questions are related to research assessment or to the structure and dynamics of disciplines or networks. Several mapping techniques are demonstrated on a data set comprising 20 years of papers published in PNAS. Data from a variety of sources are merged to provide unique indicators of the domain bounded by PNAS. By using funding source information and citation counts, it is shown that, on an aggregate basis, papers funded jointly by the U.S. Public Health Service (which includes the National Institutes of Health) and non-U.S. government sources outperform papers funded by other sources, including by the U.S. Public Health Service alone. Grant data from the National Institute on Aging show that, on average, papers from large grants are cited more than those from small grants, with performance increasing with grant amount. A map of the highest performing papers over the 20-year period was generated by using citation analysis. Changes and trends in the subjects of highest impact within the PNAS domain are described. Interactions between topics over the most recent 5-year period are also detailed.
At some time or other, every doctor may be confronted by a claim for damages, and he/she should be familiar with the most important rules on how to react. Of relevance with regard to liability are improper treatment and the provision of inadequate information to the patient. The essential basis for a defense against the charge of malpractice is proper patient documentation. Since this latter is accepted by the court as evidence, the physician should take great care to ensure complete and accurate records. Before court proceedings are initiated, it is recommended that arbitration or an expert opinion be sought, which in many cases may result in an out-of-court settlement. Criminal and civil proceedings are separate, and may lead to different outcomes. In the case of the latter, the patient may be awarded compensation and damages for pain and suffering.