PubMed · 1047310
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E T Eggland. 1976. The anxious patient.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1047310/
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Latent inhibition (LI) is the phenomenon in which subjects who have repeatedly experienced an irrelevant stimulus perform more poorly on a new learning task with that stimulus than with a novel stimulus, presumably because of a decline in stimulus-specific attention. The present article reviews the literature on LI deficits in high-schizotypal normal subjects and schizophrenic patients. Although LI-deficits have been thought to be specific to these groups, evidence is presented that the effects may be related to the anxiety components of high-schizotypality and related pathologies.
Because use of herbal remedies is increasing, a risk-benefit profile of commonly used herbs is needed. This article provides a clinically oriented overview of the efficacy and safety of ginkgo, St. John's wort, ginseng, echinacea, saw palmetto, and kava. Wherever possible, assessments are based on systematic reviews of randomized clinical trials. Encouraging data support the efficacy of some of these popular herbal medicinal products, and the potential for doing good seems greater than that for doing harm. The published evidence suggests that ginkgo is of questionable use for memory loss and tinnitus but has some effect on dementia and intermittent claudication. St. John's wort is efficacious for mild to moderate depression, but serious concerns exist about its interactions with several conventional drugs. Well-conducted clinical trials do not support the efficacy of ginseng to treat any condition. Echinacea may be helpful in the treatment or prevention of upper respiratory tract infections, but trial data are not fully convincing. Saw palmetto has been shown in short-term trials to be efficacious in reducing the symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Kava is an efficacious short-term treatment for anxiety. None of these herbal medicines is free of adverse effects. Because the evidence is incomplete, risk-benefit assessments are not completely reliable, and much knowledge is still lacking.