PubMed · 10418357
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P Zyry, M Neumann. 1999. Time management networking session.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10418357/
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The "lipid hypothesis" is now universally recognized as a law. Few issues in medicine are as completely resolved as the question of whether reducing serum cholesterol increases longevity. However, there are a few questions that remain, and the most important uncertainty is to what extent cholesterol should be reduced. The medical community, in partnership with government and industry, has contributed many excellent trials demonstrating the effects in patients with elevated cholesterol (above the mean). Where should our goal of therapy be? Until data is available from several large, ongoing trials, we do not have a final answer. We asked three investigators, Drs. Gilbert Thompson, Christopher Packard, and Neil Stone, who have all been integrally involved in the accumulation of our present database, to argue three different possible answers.
Previous research has found that having a nonspecific goal (NSG) leads to better problem solving and transfer than having a specific goal (SG). To distinguish between the various explanations of this effect requires direct evidence showing how a NSG affects a participant's behaviour. Therefore we collected verbal protocols from participants learning to control a linear system consisting of 3 outputs by manipulating 3 inputs. This system was simpler than the one we had used previously, so in Exp. 1 we generalized our earlier goal specificity findings to this system. In Exp. 2 protocol analysis confirmed our prediction (based on dual-space theories of problem solving) that NSG participants focused on hypothesis testing whereas SG participants focused on the goal. However, this difference only emerged over time. We also replicated the goal specificity effect on performance and showed that giving participants a hypothesis to test improved performance.
We propose that the fit between an action's strategic orientation and the actor's regulatory state can influence the amount of enjoyment the action provides. In two studies using different methods of manipulating regulatory states and of gauging action evaluations, high regulatory fit increased participants' anticipations of action enjoyability. In a third study, high regulatory fit increased participants' enjoyment of perceived success at, and willingness to repeat a novel laboratory task, and these effects were independent of participants' actual success on the task. Across the three studies, participants in a regulatory state oriented toward accomplishment experienced eagerness-related actions more favorably than vigilance-related actions, whereas participants in a regulatory state oriented toward responsibility experienced vigilance-related actions more favorably than eagerness-related actions. These findings' implications for understanding task interest and motivation are discussed.