PubMed · 10386210
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R Goldstein. 1999. Practice tips. Simple method for curing hiccups.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10386210/
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The present study surveys and evaluates the mineral contents of the speciality drinking waters currently available in Germany. A total of 257 producers and 226 reports of water contents have been consulted. The minerals sodium, calcium, potassium and magnesium together with the halogens chlorine and fluorine have been of special interest here in view of their significance in infant feeding, caries prevention, and possible influence on the drinking waters, the sodium concentrated from 0.9 mg/l (Finkenbachquelle, mineral water) to 12830 mg/l (Bad Mergentheimer Albertquelle, spa water). The potassium values also, range broadly, between 1.4 mg/l (Kisslegger Sprudel, mineral water) and 611 mg/l (Obenauer Löwensprudel, mineral water). Fluoride concentrations were given special attention, since they are of significance in caries prevention, for the strength of bones, and also considerable importance in connection with the danger of fluorosis. Numerous commercial mineral waters and table waters contain too little fluoride (0.007 mg/l, Kirkeler Waldquelle, mineral water) or have fluoride concentrations over 4.1 mg/l (Hardenstein Brunnen, mineral water). The latter appear inappropriate, especially for small children. On the basis of the considerable variations of mineral and halogen contents in commercial mineral waters and table waters, the concentration of crucial trace elements should be clearly stated on the labels of the bottles, along with relevant information concerning possible effects.
BACKGROUND: Most premature infants are not sufficiently mature physiologically to take all of their required water and nutrients orally, and so they cannot regulate their own water intake. Thus, the caregiver must determine the amount of water to be given each day to such infants. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this review is to examine the effects of water intake on postnatal weight loss and on the risks of dehydration, patent ductus arteriosus, necrotizing enterocolitis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, intracranial hemorrhage, and death in premature infants. SEARCH STRATEGY: Randomized clinical trials were sought that compared the outcomes of interest in groups of premature infants who were given different levels of water intake according to experimental protocol. Such trials were sought in a previous review by one of the authors (Bell EF. Fluid therapy. In: Effective Care of the Newborn Infant, eds JC Sinclair, MB Bracken. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992: 59-72, approximately approximately Bell 1992 approximately approximately ), in a list of trials provided by the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group, and in the authors' personal files. SELECTION CRITERIA: Only randomized clinical trials of varying water intake in premature infants are included. The review was limited to trials that included infants whose water intake was provided mainly or entirely by parenteral means. Studies were included regardless of outcomes examined. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Trials were selected by two reviewers, who also assessed the methodological quality of each trial. Data were independently extracted by the reviewers, and differences were reconciled. The data were then entered into tables using RevMan 3.1 for Windows. The adverse event rates were calculated for the restricted and liberal water intake groups for each dichotomous outcome, and the relative risk was computed. In addition, the maximal weight loss results were recorded, and the weighted mean difference was computed. The analyses (including calculation of relative risk, risk difference, and weighted mean difference) and tests of heterogeneity were accomplished with MetaView 3.1 software and a fixed effects model. No subgroup analyses were conducted. MAIN RESULTS: The analysis of the four studies taken together indicates that restricted water intake significantly increases postnatal weight loss and significantly reduces the risks of patent ductus arteriosus, necrotizing enterocolitis, and death. With restricted water intake, there are trends toward increased risk of dehydration and reduced risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, but these trends are not statistically significant. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Based on this analysis, the most prudent prescription for water intake to premature infants would seem to be careful restriction of water intake so that physiological needs are met without allowing significant dehydration. This practice could be expected to decrease the risks of patent ductus arteriosus and necrotizing enterocolitis--and perhaps the overall risk of death--without significantly increased risk of adverse consequences.
Sphingomonas species were commonly isolated from biofilms in drinking water distribution systems in Finland (three water meters) and Sweden (five water taps in different buildings). The Sphingomonas isolates (n = 38) were characterized by chemotaxonomic, physiological and phylogenetic methods. Fifteen isolates were designated to species Sphingomonas aromaticivorans, seven isolates to S. subterranea, two isolates to S. xenophaga and one isolate to S. stygia. Thirteen isolates represented one or more new species of Sphingomonas. Thirty-three isolates out of 38 grew at 5 degrees C on trypticase soy broth agar (TSBA) and may therefore proliferate in the Nordic drinking water pipeline where the temperature typically ranges from 2 to 12 degrees C. Thirty-three isolates out of 38 grew at 37 degrees C on TSBA and 15 isolates also grew on blood agar at 37 degrees C. Considering the potentially pathogenic features of sphingomonas, their presence in drinking water distribution systems may not be desirable.