PubMed · 10366280
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P D Karp. 1998. What we do not know about sequence analysis and sequence databases.. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics%2F14.9.753
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INTRODUCTION: Sustainable control of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa is jeopardized by dwindling public health resources resulting from competing health priorities that include an overwhelming acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic. In Mpumalanga province, South Africa, rational planning has historically been hampered by a case surveillance system for malaria that only provided estimates of risk at the magisterial district level (a subdivision of a province). METHODS: To better map control programme activities to their geographical location, the malaria notification system was overhauled and a geographical information system implemented. The introduction of a simplified notification form used only for malaria and a carefully monitored notification system provided the good quality data necessary to support an effective geographical information system. RESULTS: The geographical information system displays data on malaria cases at a village or town level and has proved valuable in stratifying malaria risk within those magisterial districts at highest risk, Barberton and Nkomazi. The conspicuous west-to-east gradient, in which the risk rises sharply towards the Mozambican border (relative risk = 4.12, 95% confidence interval = 3.88-4.46 when the malaria risk within 5 km of the border was compared with the remaining areas in these two districts), allowed development of a targeted approach to control. DISCUSSION: The geographical information system for malaria was enormously valuable in enabling malaria risk at town and village level to be shown. Matching malaria control measures to specific strata of endemic malaria has provided the opportunity for more efficient malaria control in Mpumalanga province.
Scaling of folding times in Go models of proteins and of decoy structures with the Lennard-Jones potentials in the native contacts reveal power law trends when studied under optimal folding conditions. The power law exponent depends on the type of native geometry. Its value indicates lack of kinetic optimality in the model proteins. In proteins, mechanical and thermodynamic stabilities are correlated.
OBJECTIVE: To develop methods of measuring the validity and utility of electronic patient records in general practice. DESIGN: A survey of the main functional areas of a practice and use of independent criteria to measure the validity of the practice database. SETTING: A fully computerised general practice in Skipton, north Yorkshire. SUBJECTS: The records of all registered practice patients. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Validity of the main functional areas of the practice clinical system. Measures of the completeness, accuracy, validity, and utility of the morbidity data for 15 clinical diagnoses using recognised diagnostic standards to confirm diagnoses and identify further cases. Development of a method and statistical toolkit to validate clinical databases in general practice. RESULTS: The practice electronic patient records were valid, complete, and accurate for prescribed items (99.7%), consultations (98.1%), laboratory tests (100%), hospital episodes (100%), and childhood immunisations (97%). The morbidity data for 15 clinical diagnoses were complete (mean sensitivity=87%) and accurate (mean positive predictive value=96%). The presence of the Read codes for the 15 diagnoses was strongly indicative of the true presence of those conditions (mean likelihood ratio=3917). New interpretations of descriptive statistics are described that can be used to estimate both the number of true cases that are unrecorded and quantify the benefits of validating a clinical database for coded entries. CONCLUSION: This study has developed a method and toolkit for measuring the validity and utility of general practice electronic patient records.