PubMed · 10116274
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C C Carter. 1992. Seven basic quality tools.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10116274/
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Over the past decade, the Micronutrients Measurement Quality Assurance Program (M2QAP) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has administered nearly 40 interlaboratory comparison exercises devoted to fat-soluble vitamin-related analytes in human serum. While M2QAP studies have been used to help certify reference materials and to document the performance of analytical systems, the primary focus of the M2QAP has been, and remains, the improvement of among-participant measurement comparability for target analytes. Recent analysis of historical measurement performance indicated the most efficient mechanism for further improving measurement comparability among participants is the improvement of long-term (months to years) comparability within each laboratory. The summary reports for the M2QAP studies are being redesigned to provide more chemist-friendly analyses of participant performance, dissecting systematic and random components of measurement incomparability as functions of analyte level and time. This report documents the semantic and graphical tools developed to help interlaboratory-comparison-exercise participants interpret their own measurement performance.
Our objective was to compare the accuracy and practicality in use of three available imaging receptors for temporomandibular joint (TMJ) imaging; namely, two computer-assisted and one traditional analog x-ray film system. A standardized tissue-equivalent encased human skull specimen was imaged using lateral and posteroanterior (PA) pantomographic projections with the Orthopantomograph OP 100 (Instrumentarium Imaging, Tuusula, Finland) and three different receptor modalities: (1) Ektavision film with Ektavision screens (Eastman Kodak, Rochester, NY); (2) DenOptix photostimulable phosphor screens (Dentsply/Gendex, Chicago, IL); and (3) the charge-coupled device (CCD) receptor, DigiPan (TREX/Trophy Radiology, Marne-la-Vallée, France). The effective focal trough was found for each receptor using lead resolution grids placed at fractional millimeter distances along empirically determined beam projection angulations. The time to acquire and process images was also established. We found that the CCD system permitted real-time display, whereas the use of traditional film took 2 minutes to load the cassette in a darkroom and perform the exposure, and then a further 2 minutes to unload and process. The storage phosphor took 3 minutes to unload the cassette and process the image and a further 20 seconds to clear the plate following laser scanning. Film produced the greatest maximum resolution followed by the storage phosphor and the CCD. In conclusion, CCD-based TMJ pantomography provided an instant image. The photostimulable phosphor system used was the least satisfactory in terms of the time expended to obtain an image, but provided better spatial resolution than the CCD. Ektavision film/screens provided the best spatial resolution in this investigation.
Now that picture archiving and communications systems (PACS) has matured, our challenge is to make the images available to the referring physician and, in a teaching institution, to make these images available for conferences and rounding. One solution is the distribution of the images using web-based technology. We investigated a web-based add-on to our PACS to determine the characteristics of the personal computer that will make this technology useful and affordable. We found that images can be viewed easily through a web-based system. We found that the optimal system to view these images at a reasonable speed and a reasonable cost is on with a medium-range processor (200 to 300 MHz) and a large amount of inexpensive RAM, at least 64 Mb.