PubMed · 10111557
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M Gaskill. 1991. Utility audits.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10111557/
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The effect (Stark effect) of an applied electric field on the electronic states of molecular adsorbates was studied by measuring surface plasmon resonance (SPR) as a function of the wavelength of the incident light that excites the SPR. Using the Kramers-Kronig relation, Stark spectra comparable to those obtained with conventional methods were extracted from the electric field-induced SPR angular shift for several organic adsorbates. Because this method relies on detecting the SPR angular shift that can be measured precisely, high-sensitivity Stark spectroscopy can be achieved. In addition, the adsorbate coverage information can be determined from the SPR angular shift upon molecular adsorption.
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Particle-loaded (3 microm, C18) monolithic sol-gel columns have been prepared and selected characteristics measured. They have a surprisingly high permeability, allowing their operation in the microLC mode at pressures as low as 69 kPa where their efficiency is about 50000 plates per meter and the CEC mode where efficiency is at least 106000 plates per meter. These columns can withstand over 13.8 MPa pressure without compression or movement within the 75 microm capillary. Field strengths in the packed segments are approximately 50% greater than those in the open segments, due to the higher resistivity of the particle-laden regions. There is a relatively rapid loss of efficiency with increasing linear velocity in both the CEC and microLC modes, which may be due to a tortuosity effect in the inter- and intra-particulate voids. Chromatographic behavior is characteristic of conventional C18 particles, indicating that analytes have significant access to the surface within the pores of the immobilized bonded phase.