PubMed · 1006998
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J M Foley. 1976. Binocular depth mixture.. https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(76)90051-1
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A phantom surface is a stereoscopic illusory area that can be seen in depth although there is no conventional stereoscopic cues [Liu, L., Stevenson, S.B., & Schor, C.M. (1994). Quantitative stereoscopic depth without binocular correspondence. Nature, 367, 66-69; Gillam, B. & Nakayama, K. (1999). Quantitative depth for a phantom surface can be based on cyclopean occlusion cues alone. Vision Research, 39, 109-112]. The phenomenon has been explained as an example of half-occlusion processing in which the visual system uses information about cyclopean occlusion structure of the visual world. We created stereo capture stereograms in which phantom surfaces changed the perceived depth of conventionally defined binocular textures. Because conventional stereoscopic matching is strongly affected by half-occlusion processing, we suggest that half-occlusion processing is an integral part of the early stereoscopic processing and solving of the correspondence problem.
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Many authors have assumed that motor actions required for collision avoidance and for collision achievement (for example, in driving a car or hitting a ball) are guided by monitoring the time to collision (TTC), and that this is done on the basis of moment-to-moment values of the optical variable tau [1] [2] [3]. This assumption has also motivated the search for single neurons that fire when tau is a certain value [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]. Almost all of the laboratory studies and all the animal experiments were restricted to the case of stationary observer and moving object. On the face of it, this would seem reasonable. Even though humans and other animals routinely perform visually guided actions that require the TTC of an approaching object to be estimated while the observer is moving, tau provides an accurate estimate of TTC regardless of whether the approach is produced by self-motion, object-motion or a combination of both. One might therefore expect that judgements of TTC would be independent of self-motion. We report here, however, that simulated selfmotion using a peripheral flow field substantially altered estimates of TTC for an approaching object, even though the peripheral flow field did not affect the value of tau for the approaching object. This finding points to long range interactions between collision-sensitive visual neurons and neural mechanisms for processing self-motion.