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Cognitive Enhancement

Cognitive Enhancement: explore 13 source-linked works published from 2026 to 2026, with original documents and citations.

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Sources: pubmed. Collection updated 2026-09-15. Counts describe this index, not the complete source archives.

PubMed2026

Game changer? Cognitive-motor effects of VR exergaming compared to video-based training.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Virtual reality (VR) exergaming enhances several cognitive domains through multisensory engagement. Acute cognitive benefits of VR are established, but evidence for direct comparisons with non-immersive controls is limited. This study aimed to determine whether VR exercise provides additional cognitive and cognitive-motor benefits beyond a matched non-immersive active stick-fight video (SFV) intervention, and whether effects persist after training. METHODS: In this randomized quasi-experimental study, N = 55 healthy adults (VR: n = 30; SFV: n = 25; 25.5 ± 7.1 years; 41.8% female) completed an 8-week program (2 × 30 min/week), of VR or SFV matched in movement patterns, frequency, intensity and duration. Measurements included reaction time (RT), Stroop Test (versions 1-3), Letter Cancellation Test (LCT), Trail Making Test (TMT), Trail Walking Test (TWT) and Fitts task (difficulty level 1-4). Data were analyzed using mixed-design ANOVAs. RESULTS: Improvements were observed in Stroop reading (F(1,53) = 14.84, p < .001, η2 = 0.219), Stroop inhibition (F(1,53) = 10.99, p = .002, η2 = 0.172), and LCT (F(1,53) = 4.57, p = .037, η2 = 0.079). A time × group interaction was found for TMT (F(1,53) = 6.55, p = .031, η2 = 0.110), indicating greater changes following VR training. Both groups improved cognitive-motor performance (TWT: F(1,25) = 55.32, p < .001, η2 = 0.689; Fitts3: F(1,53) = 44.97, p < .001, η2 = 0.459), with greater gains for VR in Fitts3 (p = .006). CONCLUSION(S): Eight weeks of VR and SFV enhanced cognitive and cognitive-motor performance. VR provided domain-specific advantages in executive function, but these effects were not uniformly persistent. SFV sustained more improvements in real-world-relevant cognitive-motor tasks.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Sustained cognitive and functional effects of pro-cognitive interventions for bipolar disorder: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials.

A substantial proportion of individuals with bipolar disorder (BD) experience considerable cognitive deficits. Existing systematic reviews have evaluated the efficacy of pro-cognitive interventions in BD, but have not established whether any cognitive benefits translate into functional improvements, with evidence for sustained functional effects remaining limited. A systematic search was conducted on MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO and Cochrane Library from inception until 21 May 2026. Eligible studies were randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in BD reporting cognitive or functional outcomes at three or more months following a pro-cognitive intervention, or examining the translation of cognitive benefits into improvements in functional outcomes at any timepoint. Seven unique RCTs plus three secondary analyses of these trials (n = 615) met the inclusion criteria. Approximately 13% (7/55) of RCTs identified in the search of pro-cognitive interventions in adult BD assessed cognitive or functional outcomes at least 3 months after treatment end. Of the seven unique RCTs, most evaluated cognitive remediation (CR; k = 4). The average follow-up length was 4 months (range: 3-6 months). Three of the four RCTs examining CR reported cognitive benefits at 3 to 6 months, whereas only one CR RCT found consistent functional effects at 3 months. Evidence on the translation of cognitive benefits to functional improvements is scarce and inconsistent. Most trials examining pro-cognitive interventions do not examine whether potential benefits are sustained or whether they translate into improvements in real-world functioning. CR appears to be a promising intervention for achieving durable cognitive gains in BD, although evidence for sustained effects of other interventions is limited.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Subacute and long-term changes in cognitive functioning after administration of classic psychedelics, MDMA and ketamine: A systematic review of clinical and preclinical evidence.

Psychedelic agents induce a window of heightened neuroplasticity that extends beyond acute intoxication, during which neural circuits are more amenable to change. This period may facilitate changes in cognition relevant to the treatment of psychiatric disorders. This systematic review synthesised clinical and preclinical evidence of subacute and long-term (≥1 day) effects of classic and non-classic psychedelics on cognition. MEDLINE, EMBASE, APA PsycInfo and Web of Science were searched to identify human and animal studies investigating psychedelics and cognition (executive function, attention, decision-making). Sixty-seven (47 clinical, 20 preclinical) articles met inclusion criteria. Psilocybin demonstrated the most consistent evidence of subacute and longer-term cognitive improvement, particularly in cognitive flexibility and attention. Ketamine showed enhancement across cognitive domains, although findings were heterogeneous. LSD and DMT showed no consistent subacute changes, while MDMA was associated with transient cognitive impairments that resolved within days. Risk of bias assessments revealed selective outcome reporting, poor reporting of missing data and inadequate methodological detail, limiting the confidence of findings. Current evidence provides preliminary support for subacute changes in cognition following administration of select psychedelic agents. Cognitive improvements were more frequently seen in psychiatric populations than healthy subjects, which may reflect a remediation of existing cognitive deficit rather than enhancement above normal functioning. Adequately powered, controlled studies with standardised reporting of cognitive outcomes are required to determine the magnitude, durability and clinical relevance of psychedelic-associated cognitive change.

Hallucinogens↗

PubMed2026

Efficacy and Safety of Psychedelic Microdosing on Psychological Outcomes in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Psychedelic microdosing has gained increasing popularity for enhancing mood and cognition, yet its effects on psychological outcomes in healthy adults remain unclear. We aim to evaluate the efficacy and safety of psychedelic microdosing on psychological outcomes in healthy/non-clinical adult population. METHODS: This review was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; CRD420251035294). We searched Embase, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO from inception to February 2026 for original studies in healthy adults using sub-hallucinogenic psychedelic doses on separate days. We included randomized studies, nonrandomized prospective studies, cross-sectional studies, and observational longitudinal designs and stratified meta-analyses by design. Random-effects models were used; safety in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was pooled as risk differences (RDs). Risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tools appropriate for each study design. RESULTS: 24 studies (3,681 participants) met inclusion criteria, 6 contributed to meta-analyses. RCTs of psilocybin and LSD microdosing showed subjective and neurophysiological effects but minimal impact on cognition, creativity, or sustained mood. Psilocybin altered EEG and speech with little behavioral change, while LSD caused transient mood and minor physiological effects without lasting cognitive or personality benefits. Observational studies indicated mood and personality improvements, likely influenced by expectancy or lifestyle factors. Meta-analyses included two parallel RCTs (3 comparisons; n = 117) and three non-RCT studies (n = 1,013). Adverse event analyses included two RCTs (4 comparisons; n = 109). RCTs showed no clear evidence of immediate symptom reduction: depressive symptoms (SMD = -0.19; 95% CI -0.56, 0.19; I2 = 0%), anxiety (SMD = -0.20; 95% CI -1.11, 0.71; I2 = 82.3%),and stress (SMD = 0.02; 95% CI -0.39, 0.43; I2 = 0%). Non-RCT within-arm estimates were imprecise and heterogeneous for depressive symptoms (SMCC -0.33; 95% CI -0.75, 0.08) and anxiety (SMCC -0.29; 95% CI-0.84, 0.26). Exploratory pooling across all designs suggested decreases in depressive symptoms and stress, while anxiety remained uncertain. Adverse event risks were similar between treatment and control. CONCLUSIONS: Microdosing does not show consistent immediate benefits for depressive, anxiety, or stress symptoms in healthy adults, and evidence from RCTs remains inconclusive. Although improvements were observed in some studies, these effects were not significantly different from placebo. Larger, well-designed RCTs are needed to clarify the efficacy and safety of psychedelic microdosing beyond placebo.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Dissociable neural mechanisms of cognitive enhancement through transcranial stimulation and behavioral training.

BACKGROUND: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and adaptive working memory (WM) training are promising cognitive enhancement approaches; however, their neural mechanisms and potential synergies remain poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: We directly compared how tDCS and WM training modulate neural oscillations during WM performance and examined whether combining both interventions produces additive effects. METHODS: We randomized 112 healthy adults into four groups: control (sham tDCS + non-adaptive 1-back), tDCS-only (active tDCS + non-adaptive 1-back), training-only (sham tDCS + adaptive n-back training), or combined (active tDCS + adaptive training). Participants underwent five daily intervention sessions. We recorded high-density EEG during transfer n-back tasks at baseline, post-intervention, and one-week follow-up. RESULTS: All active interventions improved WM performance relative to the control group, with the combined group showing the largest gains (n-back accuracy: +15.6% vs. + 10.1% tDCS-only, +9.7% training-only, +0.7% control; all p < 0.001). Critically, tDCS selectively increased gamma-band (30-50 Hz) power in the frontal and parietal regions (cluster p = 0.018, d > 1.0), whereas WM training enhanced frontal theta-band (4-8 Hz) power and theta-gamma phase-amplitude coupling (both cluster p < 0.012, d > 0.85). The combined group exhibited both neural signatures. Brain-behavior correlations revealed dissociable relationships: gamma increases predicted n-back accuracy improvements (r = 0.61, p < 0.001), whereas theta enhancements correlated with operation span gains (r = 0.58, p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: tDCS and WM training enhance cognition through distinct yet complementary neural mechanisms: tDCS via gamma-mediated cortical excitability and WM training via theta-mediated cognitive control. These findings provide neurophysiological evidence for multimodal enhancement strategies that target parallel pathways within WM networks.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Effectiveness of psychosocial and lifestyle interventions in promoting behaviour change and improving cognitive outcomes in older people with memory concerns: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Older adults with mild cognitive impairment or subjective cognitive decline have a greater dementia risk, particularly those from minority ethnic and socioeconomically disadvantaged backgrounds. Psychosocial and lifestyle interventions targeting modifiable risk factors offer hope for reducing risk, yet behavioural mechanisms remain unclear. This systematic review examines these mechanisms and associated outcomes. METHOD: We searched PubMed, Embase (Ovid), PsycINFO (Ovid), Web of Science, and Scopus for randomised control trials testing interventions that aimed to improve lifestyle and cognition in older adults with memory concerns. We explored behavioural mechanisms using the COM-B model and synthesised intervention effectiveness, overall and within underserved groups. We prioritised lower risk of bias studies. RESULTS: 26 studies described 23 randomised controlled trials (14 multidomain, 9 single domain interventions). Certainty of evidence that behaviour change was associated with cognition was low. Moderate-certainty evidence indicated that interventions providing a socially supportive environment and combining nutritional education and counselling for 6 + months improved diet. Physical activity improved primarily in interventions incorporating education, structured training, and enablement strategies (e.g., tailored programmes, providing tools). Interventions simultaneously targeting capability, opportunity and motivation showed greater overall effectiveness. Few studies recorded ethnicity (13%) or sociodemographic status (9%), and none explored their impact. CONCLUSIONS: Non-pharmacological interventions can help this population improve their lifestyles if they feel capable, equipped and motivated, highlighting the value of careful design and implementation. There is scarce evidence on how these interventions work for underserved populations. Future research should explore this to inform tailored interventions and develop equitable dementia prevention strategies.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Effect of cognitive enhancement therapy for early course schizophrenia on gray matter volume: A confirmatory multisite randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Cognitive Enhancement Therapy (CET) is an evidence-based cognitive remediation intervention for early course schizophrenia with established benefits for cognition. CET may protect against broad temporolimbic gray matter volume loss associated with cognitive improvement, but this finding has yet to be replicated. This research reexamined if CET protects against temporolimbic gray matter volume loss in an independent and larger multisite early course sample, and if this neuroprotective effect predicts cognitive and social adjustment improvement. METHODS: Ninety-nine participants with early course schizophrenia completed MRI, cognitive, and social adjustment assessments at baseline, 9 (mid-treatment), and 18 (end of treatment) months. Linear mixed-effects models examined the differential impact of CET (n = 56) compared to Enriched Supportive Therapy (n = 43) on temporolimbic gray matter volume in regions-of-interest (ROIs) that previously demonstrated CET-related neuroprotection (primary ROIs), as well as frontotemporal ROIs outlined in the first trial (secondary ROIs). RESULTS: The right rostral anterior cingulate was the only primary ROI to demonstrate a significant group × time interaction, but was unrelated to cognitive and social adjustment change. No secondary ROIs exhibited a differential treatment effect. CONCLUSION: This confirmatory trial did not recapitulate the observed broad pattern of CET-related temporolimbic gray matter volume neuroprotection. Consistent with the larger literature demonstrating limited evidence of cognitive remediation effects on the brain in schizophrenia, these findings underscore the need for continued investigation of CET-related changes with other neuroimaging modalities, especially given its established cognitive benefits. Such information is critical for cognitive remediation optimization based on validated therapeutic mechanisms.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Effectiveness of transcranial direct current stimulation with and without positive mood induction on worry and transdiagnostic cognitive-emotional processes: A randomized controlled trial.

The present study investigated the effectiveness of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), with and without positive mood induction, on worry and key transdiagnostic cognitive-emotional processes, including attentional bias, working memory, problem solving, and emotion regulation, in individuals with high levels of worry. This single-blind randomized controlled trial included 45 individuals with high levels of worry. After a structured clinical interview, participants were randomly assigned, with gender balancing, to one of three groups: (1) tDCS alone, (2) tDCS combined with positive mood induction, or (3) a sham control group. Outcome measures were administered at three time points (pretest, posttest, and one-month follow-up) and assessed attentional bias (Dot Probe Task), working memory (1-back task), problem solving (Tower of London task), emotion regulation (Gross's Emotion Regulation Questionnaire), and worry severity (Penn State Worry Questionnaire; PSWQ). Repeated-measures ANOVA showed that both active groups (tDCS alone and tDCS + positive mood induction) significantly improved attentional bias, worry, working memory, problem solving, and emotion regulation compared to controls (p < 0.05). The combined intervention produced significantly greater gains than tDCS alone in working memory, problem solving, emotion regulation (p < 0.05), and reductions in attentional bias and worry (p < 0.001). All effects persisted at one-month follow-up (p < 0.05). tDCS reduces worry and attentional bias and enhances cognition and emotion regulation in individuals with high levels of worry. The combined intervention produced larger and more sustained improvements than tDCS alone across the assessed behavioral outcomes. These findings support further investigation of combining tDCS with structured positive mood induction while the mechanisms underlying the additional benefits remain to be established.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Effects of Exergame Balance Training with Variable Cognitive Motor Challenges on Serum BDNF, p-tau181, and Cognitive Functions in Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized Trial.

INTRODUCTION: Cognitive-motor exergame balance training may increase attentional demands and neuronal processing, potentially affecting serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), Aβ1-42, and p-tau181, as well as train cognitive abilities in adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). This study aimed to compare the effects of exergame balance training of mild, moderate, high-difficulty, and Wii Fit™ groups on blood serum levels of BDNF, Aβ1-42, p-tau181, and cognition function in adults with MCI. METHODS: In this four-arm, parallel group randomized clinical trial, 97 adults with MCI were randomly assigned to exergame balance training groups of mild, moderate, high-difficulty, and Wii Fit exergame as a control group. All participants received 40 min/session, 3 times/week for 8 weeks. Assessment of serum levels of p-tau181, Aβ1-42, BDNF, and cognitive functions was conducted at baseline, after weeks 4 and 8. A mixed-model analysis of covariance was used, with post-baseline measurements (weeks 4 and 8) specified as the within-subject factor and the corresponding baseline value entered as a covariate to adjust for initial between-group variability. RESULTS: A significant group × time interaction was found for BDNF, F(3,92) = 6.413, P = 0.017, ηp2 = 0.181; p-tau181, F(3,92) = 4.640, P = 0.040, ηp2 = 0.138; attention, F(3,92) = 4.171, P = 0.045, ηp2 = 0.057; abstraction, F(3,92) = 4.263, P = 0.043, ηp2 = 0.058; and visuospatial skills, F(3,92) = 6.931, P < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.234. CONCLUSION: Cognitive-motor challenge-based exergame balance training was associated with an increase in serum BDNF, a reduction in p-tau181. In contrast, the Aβ1-42 levels remained stable. These changes were accompanied by improvement in selective cognitive functions (attention, abstraction, and visuospatial skills) in individuals with MCI. Greater effects were observed in moderate and high-difficulty groups, suggesting the importance of intervention intensity in promoting cognitive and neurobiological outcomes in MCI.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Changes in hippocampal functional connectivity and volume associated with cognitive improvement and decline in amnestic mild cognitive impairment following computerized cognitive training.

BACKGROUND: The hippocampus influences the outcomes of amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and undergoes different changes during the cognitive decline or recovery of aMCI compared to elderly individuals with normal cognition, which may reveal disease-dependent neurodegeneration or plasticity. We first aimed to investigate the hippocampal changes associated with cognitive changes in aMCI using a combined case-control study design. METHODS: In total, 50 aMCI individuals and 50 healthy controls (HCs) were recruited in Shenyang, China, and separately randomized into training and control groups: aMCI training group, aMCI no training group, HC training group, and HC no training group. The aMCI and HC training groups received computerized cognitive training (CCT) thrice weekly for 12 weeks. Cognitive assessments and MRI data were collected at baseline and follow-up. RESULTS: The primary outcome was significant CCT×diagnosis interaction effect on the change in cognitive performance as measured by clock drawing test (CDT) scores (F = 4.322, P = 0.041); this interaction was driven by CCT specifically in aMCI (F = 4.465, P = 0.038). Significant CCT×diagnosis interaction effects of right-hippocampal FC changes were observed in the bilateral precuneus/cuneus (Pvoxel<0.05) driven by CCT in aMCI (F = 5.429, P = 0.023), and in the left superior temporal gyrus/middle temporal gyrus (STG/MTG, Pvoxel<0.05), driven by CCT of only in HCs (F = 6.587, P = 0.013). A significant interaction effect of left-hippocampal FC changes were observed in the right triangular part of the inferior frontal gyrus (IFGtriang, Pvoxel<0.05), driven by CCT in aMCI and HCs (F = 6.550, P = 0.013; F = 7.097, P = 0.010). No significant interaction effect on the change in hippocampal GMV was noted (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: CCT can improve the visuospatial ability of aMCI, which is reflected by the CDT scores. CCT can alter hippocampal FC in the bilateral precuneus/cuneus, the right IFGtriang, and the left STG/MTG. The hippocampal GMV is difficult to change in both HCs and aMCI during the cognitive decline. REGISTRATION NUMBER: ChiCTR1900026849. DATE OF REGISTRATION: 24 October 2019 NAME OF TRIAL REGISTRY: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR).

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Effects of adjunctive memantine on executive function and global cognition in bipolar disorder (BD): A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Cognitive impairment contributes substantially to disability in bipolar disorder (BD), but effective pharmacologic options remain limited. This trial evaluated whether adjunctive memantine improves global cognition and executive function in BD. METHODS: In this double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial, patients with bipolar I disorder (B1D) receiving lithium and olanzapine were assigned to memantine or placebo. Memantine was titrated to 20 mg/day over 6 weeks. Cognitive outcomes were assessed at baseline, week 6, and week 18. Global cognition was measured with the Neurocognitive Assessment Battery (NuCog), and executive function with the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB). Data were analyzed using generalized estimating equations and Bonferroni-adjusted post-hoc tests. RESULTS: Sixty-three participants were randomized (memantine, n = 31; placebo, n = 32), and all completed follow-up. Groups were comparable at baseline for demographic and clinical variables and for most cognitive measures. Both groups improved over time (P < 0.001), but improvement was greater with memantine for global cognition at week 6 (MD = 9.32; 95% CI, 4.84-13.81; P < 0.001) and week 18 (MD = 12.69; 95% CI, 8.67-16.71; P < 0.001). FAB total scores favored memantine at week 18 (MD = 2.68; 95% CI, 1.76-3.61; P < 0.001), but not at week 6. Domain analyses showed significant benefits for NuCog attention, visuoconstructional ability, memory, and executive function, and for several FAB subscales by week 18. CONCLUSIONS: Adjunctive memantine improved global cognition and, over longer follow-up, executive function in BD. These findings support NMDA receptor modulation as a potential strategy for cognitive dysfunction in BD.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Post-intervention effectiveness of a computerized personalized cognitive stimulation program adapted according to cognitive reserve in older adults without cognitive impairment in Primary Care: A randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Cognitive reserve may influence responsiveness to cognitive interventions, yet it is rarely used to tailor computerized stimulation. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of a computerized cognitive stimulation program personalized according to cognitive reserve on cognition, reserve-related activities, and digital competence in community-dwelling older adults without cognitive impairment in Primary Care. METHODS: In this randomized clinical trial, 102 adults aged ≥65 years with normal cognitive performance were recruited from three primary care centers in Zaragoza, Spain, and stratified by cognitive reserve level before random allocation to intervention or control. The intervention comprised digital literacy sessions followed by 8 weeks of home-based computerized cognitive stimulation tailored to participants' cognitive reserve profiles and life history. Controls received a single group-based health education session focused on maintaining everyday cognitive activity. Outcomes were assessed at baseline and post-intervention using global cognition (MEC-35), the Cognitive Reserve Questionnaire, the Mobile Device Proficiency Questionnaire-16, and domain-specific neuropsychological tests. A total of 100 participants completed the final evaluation and were included in complete-case analyses. RESULTS: Compared with controls, the intervention group showed greater adjusted post-intervention improvements in global cognition (MEC-35 between-group difference: 1.8 points) and several cognitive measures, including temporal orientation, calculation, attention, praxis, verbal fluency, processing speed, executive functions, and verbal learning. CRQ scores and digital competence also improved, with small-to-large effect sizes. CONCLUSIONS: A computerized cognitive stimulation program adapted according to cognitive reserve appears feasible in Primary Care and may improve cognition, engagement in reserve-related activities, and digital competence in older adults without cognitive impairment.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Dissociating behavioral, neural and experiential effects of prefrontal HD-tDCS during conflict resolution.

Inconsistent evidence regarding the cognitive effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) highlights the need for more comprehensive approaches to assess its impact. This study aimed to investigate the effects of high-definition tDCS (HD-tDCS) on conflict resolution by combining behavioral, neural, and subjective experience measures. Sixty participants were randomly assigned to anodal, cathodal, or sham HD-tDCS groups and completed a 30-min flanker task. EEG was recorded during the first and last blocks (without stimulation), while stimulation was applied during the intermediate blocks of the task. Using a multidimensional methodological approach including Drift-Diffusion Modeling (DDM), EEG spectral analysis, Lempel-Ziv complexity, and Temporal Experience Tracing (TET), we assessed the cognitive, neural, and phenomenological effects of stimulation. Behavioral results indicated no significant improvements in reaction times or accuracy across the stimulation groups. Similarly, DDM parameters showed no effect of HD-tDCS on latent cognitive processes. However, EEG data revealed a significant reduction in neural complexity in the anodal group during resting-state, suggesting a stabilization or reorganization of neural dynamics. Subjective experience analysis identified two distinct clusters of task-related feelings, though time spent in these experiential states did not differ between groups. Interestingly, sensation of stimulation was significantly higher for anodal stimulation than sham when analyzed as a single dimension. Despite null behavioral effects, this study provides important insights into the neural and subjective responses to HD-tDCS and highlights the value of integrating complementary multidimensional approaches to better characterize brain stimulation effects. These findings contribute to the ongoing debate about the efficacy of tDCS in cognitive enhancement.

Humans↗

Compare source metadata on this page

Work	Published	Source identifier	Source
Game changer? Cognitive-motor effects of VR exergaming compared to video-based training.	2026-08-31	PMID 42670747	pubmed
Sustained cognitive and functional effects of pro-cognitive interventions for bipolar disorder: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials.	2026-08-17	PMID 42607892	pubmed
Subacute and long-term changes in cognitive functioning after administration of classic psychedelics, MDMA and ketamine: A systematic review of clinical and preclinical evidence.	2026-08-14	PMID 42600962	pubmed
Efficacy and Safety of Psychedelic Microdosing on Psychological Outcomes in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.	2026-08-13	PMID 42593636	pubmed
Dissociable neural mechanisms of cognitive enhancement through transcranial stimulation and behavioral training.	2026-08-12	PMID 42586193	pubmed
Effectiveness of psychosocial and lifestyle interventions in promoting behaviour change and improving cognitive outcomes in older people with memory concerns: A systematic review.	2026-08-12	PMID 42586247	pubmed
Effect of cognitive enhancement therapy for early course schizophrenia on gray matter volume: A confirmatory multisite randomized clinical trial.	2026-08-10	PMID 42623965	pubmed
Effectiveness of transcranial direct current stimulation with and without positive mood induction on worry and transdiagnostic cognitive-emotional processes: A randomized controlled trial.	2026-08-04	PMID 42551725	pubmed
Effects of Exergame Balance Training with Variable Cognitive Motor Challenges on Serum BDNF, p-tau181, and Cognitive Functions in Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized Trial.	2026-07-30	PMID 42533557	pubmed
Changes in hippocampal functional connectivity and volume associated with cognitive improvement and decline in amnestic mild cognitive impairment following computerized cognitive training.	2026-07-30	PMID 42556170	pubmed
Effects of adjunctive memantine on executive function and global cognition in bipolar disorder (BD): A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.	2026-07-24	PMID 42498119	pubmed
Post-intervention effectiveness of a computerized personalized cognitive stimulation program adapted according to cognitive reserve in older adults without cognitive impairment in Primary Care: A randomized clinical trial.	2026-06-27	PMID 42400967	pubmed
Dissociating behavioral, neural and experiential effects of prefrontal HD-tDCS during conflict resolution.	2026-06-06	PMID 42251955	pubmed

These are bibliographic comparisons, not experimental rankings. Follow the original document for methods and conditions.