Biomedical subjects

Zora Djuric

Publications and source records attributed to Zora Djuric.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2006

Effects of high fruit-vegetable and/or low-fat intervention on plasma micronutrient levels.

OBJECTIVES: Higher plasma micronutrient levels have been associated with decreased cancer risks. The objective of this study was to determine the relative effects of reduced fat and/or increased fruit-vegetable (FV) intakes on plasma micronutrient levels. METHODS: Healthy, premenopausal women with a family history of breast cancer (n = 122) were randomized across four diet arms for one year in a 2 x 2 factorial design study: control, low-fat, high fruit-vegetable and combination low-fat/high FV diets. Levels of plasma micronutrients were measured in plasma at 0, 3, 6 and 12 months. RESULTS: The high FV intervention, regardless of fat intake, significantly increased alpha-carotene, beta-carotene and vitamin C levels in plasma. Only the combination high FV, low-fat intervention significantly increased plasma beta-cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin levels over time. Although alpha-tocopherol was not affected, a potential concern is that the low-fat intervention resulted in significantly decreased both gamma-tocopherol dietary intakes and plasma levels, regardless of whether or not FV intakes were concomitantly increased. CONCLUSIONS: Unlike alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol plasma levels were decreased by a low fat diet, perhaps because gamma-tocopherol is not generally added to foods nor widely used in vitamin E supplements. The decreased dietary intakes and plasma levels of gamma-tocopherol with a low-fat diet may have implications for health risks since the biological functions of the different tocopherol isomers have been reported to be distinct.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Relationships of psychosocial factors to dietary intakes of preadolescent girls from diverse backgrounds.

Family and personal factors that might be related to the development of food selection and eating patterns have not been well studied in children. The aim of this study was to examine whether such psychosocial factors differ in girls from four culturally diverse Girl Scout troops and how these factors are associated with dietary intakes. The social measures and dietary assessments were all obtained at baseline on subjects who were participating in a small nutrition education programme. The programme enrolled girls and one parent for each girl from four Girl Scout troops in Detroit, Michigan. The social factors assessed included girls' emotionality and use of food to regulate emotions, their general attitudes about health, eating and body image, and self-perceptions of their competence. Dietary intakes also were assessed in both the girls and their parents. There were large differences between troops in ethnicity and parent education level, and there were differences in dietary intakes as well. The psychosocial factors assessed in this study, however, did not differ significantly by troop. When the psychosocial factors were examined for their relationships to dietary factors, there was an indication that families which reported higher self-competence and academic competence in their daughters also had healthier eating patterns in their daughters. This was a small study, but the data suggest that simple comparisons between ethnic groups may not adequately capture the complexity of family and psychosocial factors contributing to good dietary practices.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Women participating in a dietary intervention trial maintain dietary changes without much effect on household members.

This study examined whether subjects who participated in a 12-mo intervention would maintain their diets 1 yr after the study ended and whether the diets of household members were affected. Premenopausal women, who had at least one first-degree relative with breast cancer (n = 122), were randomized to one of four diets: control, low fat (15% of energy), high fruit and vegetable (FV, nine servings per day), and combination low fat, high FV. Study subjects and one household member were asked to complete the Block '95 food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) at baseline, 1 yr, and 2 yr. Study subjects also completed 24-h recalls and 4-day food records at baseline and Year 1. Fat and FV intakes by all three assessment methods compared reasonably well except that fat intakes by FFQ were somewhat higher. FV intakes by FFQ in the high-FV and combination arms increased significantly from 4 servings per day to about 10 servings per day at Year 1 and 7 servings per day at Year 2. FV intakes increased much more modestly in the low-fat and control arms. Fat intakes in the low-fat and combination arms were lower at Year 1 than Year 2, but mean Year 2 fat intakes of 26-28% were still significantly lower than those at baseline. In household members, the only significant change was a small decrease in energy from fat at Year 1 in the household members of subjects who were in the combination arm. These results indicate that study subjects were making large dietary changes independently of their household members and that fat and FV intakes in study subjects 1 yr after intervention stopped were still substantially different from intakes at baseline.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use and levels of a lipid oxidation marker in plasma and nipple aspirate fluids.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are thought to reduce cancer risk by inhibiting cyclo-oxygenases, resulting in deceased formation of inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress. We examined whether the level of one oxidative stress marker, 15-F(2t)-isoprostane, was affected by NSAID use in plasma and breast nipple aspirate fluids (NAF) of pre-menopausal women who were participating in a dietary intervention trial (n=121). Baseline levels of 15-F(2t)-isoprostane were lower in NSAID users than non-users in both NAF and plasma, although the differences did not persist after intervention. Over the duration of the study, information on NSAID use was collected five times, and average 15-F(2t)-isoprostane levels in both NAF and plasma exhibited a statistically significant trend for decreases with increased frequency of NSAID use. These results indicate that NSAID use can result in lower levels of 15-F(2t)-isoprostane, which may have implications for the effects of NSAID use on breast cancer risk.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Nutritional predictors for cellular nipple aspirate fluid: Nutrition and Breast Health Study.

The presence of epithelial cells in breast nipple aspirate fluid (NAF), irrespective of abnormality, has been associated with increased risk of breast cancer in previous studies. We sought to investigate whether the presence of epithelial cells in NAF is associated with nutritional parameters among 71 healthy premenopausal women who participated in the Nutrition and Breast Health Study and provided any samples of NAF during the study. Total of 142 samples which were obtained over a 1-year period of intervention with low-fat and/or high vegetable-fruit diets were available for cytological evaluation. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the detection of epithelial cells in NAF were estimated by fitting generalized estimating equations models by quartile level of nutritional parameters. The probability of yielding epithelial cell-positive NAF progressively increased with increasing total fat intake (p=0.001). The OR for the highest quartile level of fat intake, compared with lowest, was 7.22 (95% CI 1.14-45.82). On the other hand, there were a marginally significant inverse association with total fiber intake as well as an weak inverse association with the number of servings of fruit and vegetables. Furthermore, the probability of detecting epithelial cells in NAF decreased with increasing plasma levels of lutein and alpha-carotene (p-values for linear trend; 0.001 and 0.049, respectively). The ORs for the highest versus lowest quartile levels are 0.17 (95% CI 0.04-0.65) and 0.19 (95% CI 0.04-0.91), respectively. These results are generally in support of roles of nutritional factors in breast cancer and thus further studies are warranted.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Improvement of metabolism among obese breast cancer survivors in differing weight loss regimens.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of different weight loss regimens on body weight loss and metabolic improvement in breast cancer survivors. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Forty-eight obese breast cancer survivors were randomly divided into four groups and were followed for 1 year: 1) the Control group (subjects did not receive specific nutrition counseling); 2) the Weight Watchers group (subjects were given free coupons to attend weekly Weight Watchers meetings); 3) the Individualized group (a registered dietitian provided one-on-one nutritional counseling); and 4) the Comprehensive group (subjects received individualized dietary counseling and free coupons for the weekly Weight Watchers meetings). At baseline and 3-, 6-, and 12-month data collection visits, a fasting blood sample was obtained for assays. A three-day dietary record was kept during the week before these visits and dietary intake was analyzed. RESULTS: Subjects in the three intervention groups lost weight (Control: 1.1 +/- 1.7 kg; Weight Watchers: -2.7 +/- 2.1 kg; Individualized: -8.0 +/- 1.9 kg; Comprehensive: -9.5 +/- 2.7 kg) and percentage body fat, but only the Individualized and Comprehensive groups had significant losses. Subjects in the Comprehensive group showed the most improvement in cholesterol levels and had reductions in blood leptin levels. DISCUSSION: Because insulin resistance and high blood leptin levels are associated with breast cancer, losing weight to improve these parameters may reduce the risk of recurrence. Only subjects in the Comprehensive group showed significant reductions in body weight and fat, energy intake, and leptin levels. For breast cancer survivors, different weight loss strategies should be considered to assist them in losing weight.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Effects of low-fat and/or high-fruit-and-vegetable diets on plasma levels of 8-isoprostane-F2alpha in the Nutrition and Breast Health study.

Dietary patterns that involve both a decrease in fat and an increase in fruit and vegetable (FV) intake may decrease cancer risks. In this study, a total of 122 premenopausal women with a family history of breast cancer were randomized into one of four diets for 12 mo: nonintervention, low-fat (15% of energy from fat), high-FV(9 servings/d), and combination low-fat/high-FV Fasting blood samples were obtained at baseline and after 3, 6, and 12 mo. Levels of 8-isoprostane-F2a in plasma were deter-mined by immunoassay kits. Statistical analyses indicated that levels of 8-isoprostane-F2a decreased significantly with time in the low-fat arm, which is the only intervention that resulted in weight loss; there were no significant changes in the other three diet arms. It is unlikely that this is due to changes in levels of blood lipids because there was little change overtime in plasma total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein,low-density lipoprotein (LDL), or triglyceride levels in any diet arm, although mean LDL did decrease slightly in women who reduced fat intake after adjustment for change in body mass index (BMI). Levels of baseline 8-isoprostane-F2a were significantly higher in obese women than in overweight or normal weight women, and change in BMI was significantly correlated with change in 8-isoprostane-F2a levels. These results indicate that low-fat diets or high-FV diets are unlikely to affect plasma levels of 8-isoprostane-F2a in healthy,premenopausal women who do not lose weight during dietary change.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Plasma carotenoids, tocopherols, and antioxidant capacity in a 12-week intervention study to reduce fat and/or energy intakes.

OBJECTIVE: We examined plasma levels of carotenoids, tocopherols, and total antioxidant activity in women before and after dietary intervention to reduce fat and/or energy intakes. Dietary fat and energy may affect intake and bioavailability of carotenoids and tocopherols, and these micronutrient levels in turn can contribute to the antioxidant capacity of plasma. METHODS: Women were randomized onto one of four diets for 12 wk: non-intervention, low fat (15% of energy from fat with maintenance of energy intake), low energy (25% energy reduction with maintenance of percentage of energy from fat), and combined low fat and low energy. Fasting plasma was available for analysis from a subset (n = 41) of women enrolled in the study. RESULTS: Levels of carotenoids and tocopherols did not change significantly over 12 wk on any diet arm, despite a modest but statistically significant increase in fruit and vegetable intake in the women following the low-fat diet (from 3.3 to 5.2 servings/d excluding potatoes). Levels of Trolox-equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), total cholesterol, and two major plasma antioxidants (urate and bilirubin) also did not change significantly. Of the individual micronutrients measured, lycopene and lutein/zeaxanthin correlated most strongly with TEAC values, and the correlation with lycopene was statistically significant before intervention. CONCLUSION: The decreases in dietary fat and energy intakes in this study were quite large, but this did not appear to have detrimental effects on plasma micronutrient levels, nor did it appreciably affect plasma antioxidants. Because lycopene levels were significantly associated with plasma TEAC before intervention, interventions that increase levels of lycopene might be more likely to increase the antioxidant capacity of plasma.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Relationship of psychiatric diagnosis and weight loss maintenance in obese breast cancer survivors.

OBJECTIVE: Obese breast cancer survivors are a unique population for weight loss counseling because both obesity and a diagnosis of breast cancer can increase the risk of depression. In this pilot study, weight loss maintenance was examined in obese breast cancer survivors with relationship to psychiatric diagnosis. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Forty-eight subjects were enrolled. The intervention, which used individualized counseling for diet and exercise, lasted 24 months. After a 6-month period of no contact with study subjects, a follow-up body weight was obtained at 30 months. RESULTS: The nine subjects who dropped out of the study before 12 months all failed to complete a structured psychiatric interview. Of the remaining 39 subjects, 9 had major depressive disorder, and 10 had a definable psychiatric disorder of lesser severity such as adjustment disorder. Subjects with any type of psychiatric diagnosis displayed significantly less weight loss at the 12-month time-point than those with no diagnosis (6.3% vs. 12.6% loss of baseline weight, respectively). At the 30-month follow-up visit, subjects with any psychiatric disorder had a mean weight loss of 1.2% of baseline weight compared with 7.8% weight loss in subjects with no diagnosis. DISCUSSION: These results suggest that the presence of psychiatric disorders can interfere with weight loss. Therefore, recognition and treatment of psychiatric disorders may be important in attempts at weight reduction, and this will be especially important in populations such as cancer survivors, who seem to have higher rates of depression and other disorders than the general population.

Adjustment Disorders↗

PubMed2003

Soy isoflavones in the treatment of prostate cancer.

Epidemiological studies suggest an inverse association between soy intake and prostate cancer (Pca) risk. We have previously observed that soy isoflavone genistein induces apoptosis and inhibits growth of both androgen-sensitive and androgen-independent Pca cells in vitro. To determine the clinical effects of soy isoflavones on Pca we conducted a pilot study in patients with Pca who had rising serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. Patients with Pca were enrolled in the study if they had either newly diagnosed and untreated disease under watchful waiting with rising PSA (group I) or had increasing serum PSA following local therapy (group II) or while receiving hormone therapy (group III). The study intervention consisted of 100 mg of soy isoflavone (Novasoy) taken by mouth twice daily for a minimum of 3 or maximum of 6 mo. Forty-one patients were enrolled (4 in group I, 18 in group II, and 19 in group III) and had a median PSA level of 13.3 ng/ml. Thirty-nine patients could be assessed for response. Soy isoflavone supplementation was given for a median of 5.5 (range 0.8-6) mo per patient. Although there were no sustained decreases in PSA qualifying for a complete or partial response, stabilization of the PSA occurred in 83% of patients in hormone-sensitive (group II) and 35% of hormone-refractory (group III) patients. There was a decrease in the rate of the rise of serum PSA in the whole group (P = 0.01) with rates of rise decreasing from 14 to 6% in group II (P = 0.21) and from 31 to 9% in group III (P = 0.05) following the soy isoflavone intervention. Serum genistein and daidzein levels increased during supplementation from 0.11 to 0.65 microM (P = 0.00002) and from 0.11 to 0.51 microM (P = 0.00001), respectively. No significant changes were observed in serum levels of testosterone, IGF-1, IGFBP-3, or 5-OHmdU. These data suggest that soy isoflavones may benefit some patients with Pca.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2002

Combining weight-loss counseling with the weight watchers plan for obese breast cancer survivors.

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to develop effective weight-loss methods for women who have had breast cancer, because obesity may result in an adverse prognosis. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: This randomized pilot study tested an individualized approach toward weight loss in obese women who have had a diagnosis of breast cancer. An individualized approach was applied either alone or combined with the commercial Weight Watchers program. Forty-eight women (body mass index of 30 to 44 kg/m(2)) were enrolled. RESULTS: Weight change after 12 months of intervention was as follows (mean +/- SD): 0.85 +/- 6.0 kg in the control group, -2.6 +/- 5.9 kg in the Weight Watchers group, -8.0 +/- 5.5 kg in the individualized group, and -9.4 +/- 8.6 kg in the comprehensive group that used both individualized counseling and Weight Watchers. Weight loss relative to control was statistically significant in the comprehensive group 3, 6, and 12 months after randomization, whereas weight loss in the individualized group was significant only at 12 months. Weight loss of 10% or more of initial body weight was observed in 6 of 10 women in the comprehensive group at 12 months. In the comprehensive and Weight Watchers-only groups, weight loss was significantly related to frequency of attendance at Weight Watchers meetings, and attendance was more frequent in the comprehensive group. DISCUSSION: These data indicate that the most weight loss was achieved when the counseling approach combined both Weight Watchers and individualized contacts. This was effective even though most of the individualized contacts were by telephone.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Effect of low-fat and/or low-energy diets on anthropometric measures in participants of the women's diet study.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of low-fat, low-energy and combination low-fat/low-energy intervention on changes in six anthropometric measures in Caucasian and African-American free-living women. METHODS: The effects of dietary counseling strategies for fat and/or energy reduction were examined on anthropometric measures in 86 pre-menopausal women, average BMI of 28 kg/m2, who participated in a 12-week intervention trial called the Women's Diet Study. The dietary goals were 15% of energy from fat and/or 25% reduction in energy intake, relative to reported baseline intake, using a 2 x 2 factorial design. Analysis of covariance models were constructed to evaluate changes in anthropometric measures over the 12 weeks of study. RESULTS: The biggest difference by race was in women who were relatively heavier at baseline, in which case African-American women lost significantly less weight but decreased their waist:hip ratio to a significantly greater extent than Caucasian women. With regard to the effects of diet arm, weight loss varied depending on baseline weight, and in women with higher baseline weights, the combination low-fat/low-energy diet resulted in the most weight loss (6.7 kg, p < 0.05). Decreases in the other anthropometric measures at week 12 were more uniform across diet arms and did not depend on baseline values. After controlling for previous weight history and race, the decreases in BMI, percent body fat and waist circumference after 12 weeks were statistically equivalent with the low-fat, low-energy or combination low-fat/low-energy diets. The relatively greater decreases in percent body fat and waist circumference with the combination diet versus the low-fat or low-energy diets were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The low-fat, low-energy and combination diets all resulted in similar and statistically significant decreases in BMI, percent body fat and waist circumference over 12 weeks of intervention. The extent of weight loss, however, varied depending on baseline weight, and the combination diet was the only intervention to result in significant weight loss for women who were heavier at baseline. This indicates that, although there may be an advantage for reducing dietary fat in initially heavier women, any of these counseling strategies could be effective for improving anthropometric predictors of health risks associated with overweight status. This is useful since flexibility in dietary choices may facilitate adherence to dietary counseling in some individuals.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Effect of varying caloric restriction levels on female rat growth and 5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine in DNA.

Caloric restriction has previously been shown to decrease levels of oxidative stress in rats. In this study, we examined the effects of 5 different caloric intake levels on one type of oxidative DNA damage in rat mammary gland, blood, and liver. Animals were fed modified AIN-93G diets to accommodate 10, 20, 30, or 40% calorie restriction (CR), relative to ad libitum (AL) consumption. The intakes of fat, protein, vitamins, and minerals thus remained constant, but total carbohydrate intake decreased. Body weights of the animals at 20 weeks reflected the degree of restriction, but in the first 10 weeks, weight gain in the 10% CR group was not reduced relative to animals fed ad libitum. Levels of 5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine increased with time in mammary gland and nucleated blood cells regardless of CR level, indicating an effect of animal age, despite the fact that the animals were only 7 months old after the 20-week dietary study. In liver, however, there was a trend towards decreased DNA damage levels with time. The effect of diet on levels of 5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine was not statistically significant, indicating no protective effect of restricted dietary carbohydrate. This dietary study differed from previous work in that the modified AIN-93G dietary formulation contains relatively higher levels of fat and vitamins K, E, and B(12), and it has certain added trace minerals. This data raises the question of whether the previously reported effects of calorie restriction on preventing oxidative stress in mammary gland are dependent on the type of dietary formulation used.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Effects of lycopene supplementation in patients with localized prostate cancer.

Epidemiological studies have shown an inverse association between dietary intake of lycopene and prostate cancer risk. We conducted a clinical trial to investigate the biological and clinical effects of lycopene supplementation in patients with localized prostate cancer. Twenty-six men with newly diagnosed prostate cancer were randomly assigned to receive a tomato oleoresin extract containing 30 mg of lycopene (n = 15) or no supplementation (n = 11) for 3 weeks before radical prostatectomy. Biomarkers of cell proliferation and apoptosis were assessed by Western blot analysis in benign and cancerous prostate tissues. Oxidative stress was assessed by measuring the peripheral blood lymphocyte DNA oxidation product 5-hydroxymethyl-deoxyuridine (5-OH-mdU). Usual dietary intake of nutrients was assessed by a food frequency questionnaire at baseline. Prostatectomy specimens were evaluated for pathologic stage, Gleason score, volume of cancer, and extent of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Plasma levels of lycopene, insulin-like growth factor-1, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3, and prostate-specific antigen were measured at baseline and after 3 weeks of supplementation or observation. After intervention, subjects in the intervention group had smaller tumors (80% vs 45%, less than 4 ml), less involvement of surgical margins and/or extra-prostatic tissues with cancer (73% vs 18%, organ-confined disease), and less diffuse involvement of the prostate by high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (33% vs 0%, focal involvement) compared with subjects in the control group. Mean plasma prostate-specific antigen levels were lower in the intervention group compared with the control group. This pilot study suggests that lycopene may have beneficial effects in prostate cancer. Larger clinical trials are warranted to investigate the potential preventive and/or therapeutic role of lycopene in prostate cancer.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed2002

Methods to increase fruit and vegetable intake with and without a decrease in fat intake: compliance and effects on body weight in the nutrition and breast health study.

Dietary patterns that involve a decrease in fat and an increase in fruit and vegetable (FV) intake have been suggested to decrease cancer risks. In this study, intervention methods to selectively modify dietary fat and/or FV intakes were developed. Compliance to the diets and the effects on body weight are shown, because both of these dietary changes can impact on and be confounded by changes in energy intake. A total of 122 women with a family history of breast cancer were randomized onto one of four diets for 12 mo. Counseling methods were devised to increase amount and variety of FV consumed with or without a decrease in fat intake using modified exchange list diets. Women on the low-fat and combination low-fat/high-FV diet arms decreased their fat intakes to approximately 16% of energy. Women on the high-FV and the combination low-fat/high-FV diet arms increased FV intakes to approximately 11 servings/day. Despite counseling efforts to maintain baseline energy intakes, mean body weight increased significantly by 6 pounds in women in the high-FV diet arm and decreased significantly by 5 pounds in women in the low-fat diet arm. Percent body fat also was increased in the high-FV diet arm and decreased in the low-fat diet arm. Body weight and percent body fat in the combination diet arm did not change significantly. Control of energy intake, therefore, appears to have been achieved only when the addition of FV to the diet was balanced by a decrease in fat intake and both dietary components were enumerated daily. Maintenance of energy intake, therefore, did not appear to be attained intrinsically when individuals were counseled to make changes in the composition of their diets.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2002

Detection of 2,6-cyclolycopene-1,5-diol in breast nipple aspirate fluids and plasma: a potential marker of oxidative stress.

An high-performance liquid chromatography method with electrochemical detection was developed to quantify both 2,6-cyclolycopene-1,5-diol and lycopene in plasma and breast nipple aspirate fluids (NAF). As an example of the utility of this assay, levels in plasma and NAF of 11 women were examined and compared with levels of 8-isoprostane, a commonly used marker of lipid oxidation. Levels of 2,6-cyclolycopene-1,5-diol and 8-isoprostane were higher in NAF than in plasma, but levels of lycopene were lower in NAF than in plasma. Levels of 2,6-cyclolycopene-1,5-diol in plasma and in NAF were significantly correlated with both lycopene and 8-isoprostane levels. This is consistent with the dependence of 2,6-cyclolycopene-1,5-diol levels on both dietary intakes of lycopene and oxidative stress levels. For the correlations between NAF and plasma, lycopene levels were significantly correlated, whereas 2,6-cyclolycopene-1,5-diol levels were not, indicating that levels of 2,6-cyclolycopene-1,5-diol in NAF are difficult to predict from plasma levels. The high levels of 2,6-cyclolycopene-1,5-diol and 8-isoprostane in NAF are consistent with high levels of oxidative stress in the breast.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

An Evaluation of Plasma Antioxidant Levels and the Risk of Breast Cancer: A Pilot Case Control Study.

Antioxidant micronutrients found in fruits and vegetables have been shown in numerous studies to be protective against cancer. There is limited information on the relationship between blood antioxidant micronutrient levels and cancer among ethnic minorities. We conducted a pilot case-control study to evaluate the potential for accrual to a study of the association of plasma levels of beta-carotene, retinol, lycopene, alpha-tocopherol, and gamma-tocopherol with breast cancer risk among African American and Caucasian women seen at a large university medical center in Detroit. Cases included women with newly diagnosed invasive breast cancer who had not yet had any cancer-related therapy and who were age-matched to controls within 5 years. Plasma levels of micronutrients were analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Compared to the expected accrual based on cancer registry data, only 26% (11/42) of African American women with breast cancer enrolled, while 100% (16/16) of Caucasian cases enrolled. Control women were quickly accrued with only a 6% refusal rate. Among African American women, there was a weak inverse association between plasma lycopene levels and breast cancer risk, with a mean level of 0.17 &mgr;mol/L (SD = 0.18) among cases, and 0.24 &mgr;mol/L (SD = 0.18) among controls (p = 0.09). There was a weak direct association between plasma retinol levels and breast cancer risk among African American women, with a mean retinol level of 2.37 &mgr;mol/L (SD = 0.73) among cases and 1.98 &mgr;mol/L (SD = 0.49) among controls (p = 0.132). The interaction effect of race and lycopene was statistically significant (p = 0.048). Among the lowest lycopene tertile, the risk of breast cancer among Caucasian women was 0.76 and the risk of breast cancer among African American women was 2.29, although these odds ratios were not statistically significant. Our recruitment efforts were largely successful among Caucasian cases and controls, and African American controls, but were unsuccessful among African American cases. The results suggest a possible relationship between plasma lycopene level and breast cancer among African American women, but these results should be confirmed by a larger, more definitive study.

Journal Article↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Levels of 5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine in DNA from women participating in an intervention trial of low-fat and low-energy diets.

Oxidative DNA damage in blood appears to be useful as a marker of systemic oxidative stress levels. Dietary factors such as fat and energy intakes have been indicated to affect oxidative stress levels, and this may be an important mechanism by which diet can modulate cancer risk. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary intervention in premenopausal women on the levels of one type of oxidative DNA damage: 5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine. The trial randomly assigned women to control, low-fat, low-energy or combination low-fat/low-energy diets for 12 weeks. Blood samples were obtained every 2 weeks, and DNA was analysed for the levels of 5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine. Levels of DNA damage declined with time in each diet arm, including the control arm. The decreases were greater in the two arms with low-energy intake, but not significantly so. The numbers of women who exhibited decreased 5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine levels at 12 weeks versus baseline levels, however, was significantly greater in women assigned to any intervention diet (79%) than in the control arm (50%). Low-fat and low-energy diets therefore had a small effect on changes in oxidative DNA damage levels. The women participating in this study were not selected on the basis of increased cancer risk; therefore, they may have had low baseline levels of damage that were not amenable to further reduction by dietary change.

Adult↗