Biomedical subjects

Z Wu

Publications and source records attributed to Z Wu.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

PubMed2005

Ovarian activity and reproductive performance of dairy cows fed different amounts of phosphorus.

Fifty-four multiparous Holsteins were utilized to determine the effect of dietary P on ovarian activity and reproductive performance. Cows were assigned at calving to diets containing 0.35 or 0.47% P. Ovarian activity was monitored 3 times weekly by ultrasonography, beginning 10 d after parturition until the end of a 60-d voluntary waiting period. After this period, cows were synchronized and bred using the Ovsynch protocol. During wk 2 of lactation, the number of small (3 to 5 mm in diameter) and large (>9 mm) follicles was similar between groups, but the number of medium (6 to 9 mm) follicles was lower for 0.35% P than for 0.47% P (1.2 vs. 1.9). Dietary P did not affect the number of days to first postpartum ovulation or the diameter of dominant and ovulating follicles. The multiple ovulation rate and the proportion of cows that were anovulatory or developed follicular cysts did not differ between groups. Dietary P amount did not influence corpus luteum development or blood progesterone concentration during the voluntary waiting period. The first service conception rate and pregnancy loss from 30 to 60 d after breeding were not affected. The overall pregnancy rate during the first 200 d of lactation (60.9 and 60.0%) and the number of services per pregnancy (2.1 and 1.9) did not differ between groups. Serum inorganic P was elevated from 6 to 7 mg/dL during the first 3 mo postpartum as dietary P was increased. Fecal P content measured during the first 16 wk of lactation averaged 0.63 and 0.89%, 29% lower for the 0.35% P group. Mean milk yield during the first 40 wk of lactation did not differ, averaging 40.5 and 39.0 kg/d for the 0.35 and 0.47% P groups, respectively. Overall, varying dietary P from 0.35 to 0.47% did not affect postpartum ovarian activity, reproductive performance, or milk production.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗

PubMed2005

Milk production and nitrogen excretion of dairy cows fed different amounts of protein and varying proportions of alfalfa and corn silage.

Four trials were conducted to determine the effect of dietary protein amount on lactation performance and N utilization. Each trial used one of the following alfalfa-to-corn-silage ratios for the forage part of the diet: 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, and 25:75. All trials utilized 16 mid-lactation Holstein cows (days in milk averages ranging from 80 to 140 among trials) in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square design with 3-wk periods, including 2 wk for adaptation and 1 wk for data collection. Diets consisted of 50% forage and 50% concentrate (dry matter basis) and were formulated to contain 15.00, 16.25, 17.50, or 18.75% protein in each trial. The analyzed protein content of the diets was 15.7, 16.9, 18.0, and 19.2% when averaged across trials. Milk yield was similar among dietary protein levels in each trial, ranging from 35.2 to 36.1 kg/d when data were combined across trials. Changes in milk fat and protein due to the protein content of the diet were small and inconsistent. Both milk urea nitrogen and blood urea nitrogen concentrations increased linearly as the protein content of the diet was increased, ranging from 9.9 to 13.1 and from 9.9 to 13.8 mg/dL, respectively, across trials. As dietary protein was increased from the lowest to the highest concentrations when data were combined and analyzed, mean fecal N concentration increased from 2.8 to 3.0%, and urinary N from 5.8 to 7.3 g/L. At the same time, mean total N excretion increased from 484 to 571 g/d, and conversion of intake N to milk N decreased from 0.27 to 0.22, resulting in an average change of 18%. Of the N excreted, urinary N accounted for an increasing proportion, ranging from 41 to 48%, as dietary protein was increased. Overall, based on N utilization as well as milk production, 17% protein in diets utilizing various proportions of alfalfa and corn silage as the forage source appeared sufficient for cows producing 38 kg/d of milk in this study.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗

PubMed2004

A Ti-V-based bcc phase alloy for use as metal hydride electrode with high discharge capacity.

The electrochemical characteristics of single bcc phase Ti-30V-15Cr-15Mn alloy were investigated. It was demonstrated that the single bcc phase alloy has high electrochemical discharge performance at high temperature. Its discharge capacity is closely related with temperature and discharge current. The first discharge capacities of 580-814 mAh g(-1) of the alloy powder were obtained at discharge current of 45-10 mA g(-1) in 6 M KOH solution at 353 K. Although the electrochemical cycle life of the alloy is unsatisfactory at present, it opens up prospects for developing a new hydrogen storage alloy with high hydrogen capacity for use as high performance metal hydride electrodes in rechargeable Ni-MH battery.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2004

The role of Zn in the interplay among Langmuir-Blodgett multilayer and myelin basic protein: a quantitative analysis of XANES spectra.

We have performed a quantitative analysis of the X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectra at the Zinc K-edge of systems formed by phospholipid Langmuir-Blodgett multilayers (LBMLs) in the presence and in the absence of myelin basic protein (MBP) and in two hydration conditions. These spectra have been analysed by a new procedure called Minuit XANes (MXAN) which is able to perform a quantitative fit of XANES data in terms of structural parameters. By this method, we have been able to correlate the relevant differences between the spectra observed in the XANES range with the coordination changes due to reduction of the space around the Zinc when the level of hydration is lowered and/or the myelin basic protein is added. These spectral differences are peculiar of the XANES energy range, and are not present in the extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) energy range where the analysis was previously performed. With this investigation, we give an unambiguous answer to the question of the role of zinc in such complexes by showing that the metal interacts with both the phospholipid heads of the substrate and the myelin basic protein.

Absorption↗

PubMed2004

Effect of dietary phosphorus concentration on estrous behavior of lactating dairy cows.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dietary phosphorus (P) concentrations of 0.38 (adequate) or 0.48% (excess) of the total mixed ration (TMR) (dry matter basis) on estrous behavior of lactating cows as measured by a radiotelemetric system (HeatWatch; De Forest, WI, USA). At calving, 42 Holstein cows (n=21 per treatment) were randomly assigned to one of two dietary P treatments. Cows were milked twice daily and milk weights were recorded. Cows were housed in a free-stall barn and were fitted with a radiotelemetric transmitter 40 days postpartum to record estrous mounting activity. The total number of estruses recorded for the 42 cows were 72 (37 and 35 for cows in the adequate and excess P groups, respectively). The mean duration of estrous cycles was 22 +/- 0.6 days and 21 +/- 0.4 days for cows fed the adequate and excess P diets, respectively (P=0.14). The mean duration of estrus was 8.9 +/- 1.1 h and 8.6 +/- 1.2 h (P=0.86), the average number of mounts during estrus was 7.0 +/- 1.2 and 8.2 +/- 1.7 (P=0.57), and the total mounting time was 27.1 +/- 4.3 s and 30.8 +/- 6.5 s (P=0.64) for cows fed the adequate and excess P diets, respectively. Phosphorus treatment had no significant effect on intensity or duration of estrus.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗

PubMed2004

In vivo single-voxel proton MR spectroscopy in the differentiation of high-grade gliomas and solitary metastases.

AIM: To determine whether single-voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1HMRS) could be used to differentiate gliomas from metastases on the basis of differences in metabolite levels in the different involved regions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-two patients (age range from 32 to 62 years, with a median age of 46.7 years) with a solitary brain tumour (14 gliomas, eight metastases) underwent conventional, gadolinium-DTPA enhanced T1-weighted images, and 1HMRS before surgical resection. Spectra from the enhancing tumour, the peritumoural region, and normal brain were obtained from 1HMRS. A point resolved spectroscopy sequence was required for 1HMRS. The metabolites in the spectra include: N-acetylaspartate (NAA), choline (CHO), creatine compounds (CR), myo-inositol (MI), lactate (LAC), glutamate and glutamine (Glu-n). Relative concentrations of metabolites were related to the peak area, and expressed with reference to CR. Student's t-test was used to determine whether there was a statistically significant difference in relative metabolic ratios between high-grade gliomas and metastases. Meanwhile, 16 of all 22 patients were re-examined using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) within 6 months of surgical resection. Recurrence was present in three patients (two gliomas, one metastasis). RESULTS: Of the 14 patients with gliomas, the peaks of NAA were reduced in three cases; the peaks of LAC, which were elevated, appeared as typical double-peaks in the peritumoural region in nine cases; the peaks of Glu-n, which were also elevated, had a zigzag appearance in seven cases. The peaks of MI were increased in the tumoural region in eight cases, and CHO levels were elevated in all 14 cases. Of the eight patients with metastases, Glu-n peaks in the tumoural region in three cases and CHO peaks in the tumoural region in four cases were elevated, respectively, while the peaks of CR were reduced in three cases, and the peaks of NAA were markedly reduced in four cases within the enhancing tumoural region. Elevated CHO levels (CHO-to-CR ratio was 4.98:1.46, 2.65:0.32) in both the tumoural and peritumoural regions of gliomas but not in the metastases (CHO-to-CR ratio was 1.37:0.92, 1.22:0.38), and elevated MI levels were present (MI-to-CR ratio was 1.67:0.35) within the enhancing foci of gliomas but not in the metastases (MI-to-CR ratio was 0.89:0.31). The difference was statistically significant (p<0.01). Elevated Glu-n and lipid levels were present in all three patients with recurrences. CONCLUSION: 1HMRS is a useful method in the distinction of these two kinds of tumours. It may also may provide useful prognostic information.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Expression of apoptosis-related factors in muscles infected with Trichinella spiralis.

We found that the expression of mitochondrial apoptosis related genes (Bcl-2 associated protein X, BAX; apoptotic protease activating factor 1, Apaf-1; Caspase 9 and serine/threonine protein kinase, PKB) is elevated in Trichinella spiralis-infected muscles during encapsulation. Micro-dissection of the capsule and subsequent reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) confirmed that the expressions of these genes are restricted to the nurse cell. Immunocytochemistry revealed that pro-apoptosis factor (BAX, Apaf-1 and Caspase 9) are predominantly expressed in the basophilic cytoplasm (infected muscle cell origin) and anti-apoptosis factor (PKB) in the eosinophilic cytoplasm (satellite cell origin) of the nurse cell. Electron microscopy revealed that the pre-existing mitochondria in the muscle cells became swollen and disappeared immediately after newborn larva invasion, but new mitochondria of smaller size appeared in the cytoplasm. Nuclear fragmentation and condensation were observed in basophilic cytoplasm which is known to die. Together, the results suggest that the infected muscle cells transform but die through the process of apoptosis which is triggered by factors from the newly formed mitochondria. The anti-apoptosis factor may help the eosinophilic cytoplasm with its survival to ensure nurse cell function.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Exposure to L-ascorbic acid or alpha-tocopherol facilitates the development of porcine denuded oocytes from metaphase I to metaphase II and prevents cumulus cells from fragmentation.

It is known that alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) and L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) can modulate many biochemical processes intracellularly or extracellularly as antioxidants. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of alpha-tocopherol and L-ascorbic acid on porcine oocyte meiotic maturation, viability and the functions of cumulus cells. In two independent experiments, porcine oocytes with or free from cumulus cells were exposed to different levels of alpha-tocopherol (0, 10, 100 and 200 microM) or L-ascorbic acid (0, 50, 250 and 750 microM). Cumulus expansion, cumulus cell DNA fragmentation, meiotic maturation and degeneration of oocytes were assessed 48 h after in vitro culture. The results showed that: (1) neither alpha-tocopherol nor L-ascorbic acid influenced cumulus expansion but both prevented cumulus cell DNA fragmentation. (2) Alpha-tocopherol lowered the percentage of denuded oocytes (DOs) arrested at germinal vesicle stage (GV). Among the oocytes undergoing germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) proportion, fewer DOs treated by alpha-tocopherol were at metaphase I (MI) and more at metaphase II (MII). L-ascorbic acid caused lower percentage of DOs arrested at GV stage and higher percentage of DOs undergoing GVBD, especially at MII. The influences of alpha-tocopherol and L-ascorbic acid were not obvious in cumulus-enclosed oocytes (CEOs). (3) Both vitamins compromised the viability of CEOs and DOs. These results indicate that exposure to alpha-tocopherol or L-ascorbic acid promotes the development of porcine DOs from MI to MII and prevents cumulus cell DNA fragmentation at certain levels, especially 10 microM alpha-tocopherol or 250 microM L-ascorbic acid.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Differences and similarities of nurse cells in cysts of Trichinella spiralis and T. pseudospiralis.

The nurse cell in the cyst of Trichinella spiralis comprises at least two kinds of cytoplasm, derived from muscle or satellite cells, as indicated by the pattern of staining using regular dye (haematoxylin and eosin, or toluidine blue), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression, acid phosphatase (ACP) expression and immunostaining with an anti-intermediate filament protein (desmin or keratin). Muscle cells undergo basophilic changes following a T. spiralis infection and transform to the nurse cells, accompanied by an increase in ACP activity and the disappearance of desmin. Satellite cells are activated, transformed and joined to the nurse cells but remain eosinophilic. The eosinophilic cytoplasm is accompanied by an increase in desmin and ALP expression but not an increase in ACP activity. Differences in the staining results for ALP or ACP suggest that the two kinds of cytoplasm have different functions. Trichinella pseudospiralis infection results in an increase of ACP activity at a later stage than T. spiralis. There is also a difference in the location pattern of ACP in the cyst of T. spiralis compared with T. pseudospiralis. In T. spiralis, ACP is diffused within the cell, but in T. pseudospiralis, ACP distribution is spotty corresponding to the location of the nucleus. Trichinella pseudospiralis infection is accompanied by a slight increase in ALP activity. Activated satellite cells following a T. pseudospiralis infection exhibit an increase in desmin expression. The present study therefore reveals that nurse cell cytoplasm differs between the two Trichinella species and between the two origins of cytoplasm in the cyst of T. spiralis.

Acid Phosphatase↗

PubMed2004

Regulation of pituitary corticotropin releasing factor type-1 receptor mRNA binding proteins by modulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.

Long-term adrenalectomy (ADX) is associated with marked down-regulation of pituitary corticotropin releasing factor type-1 receptors (CRF-R1) but normal CRF-R1 mRNA levels, suggesting that regulation of receptor levels occurs at post-transcriptional sites. We have reported that adrenal cytosolic proteins, which bind to cis elements in the 5' leader sequence (5'LS) of the rat angiotensin II type 1a receptor (AT(1a)R) mRNA, participate in the regulation of AT(1a)R density by inhibiting AT(1a)R mRNA translation. In this study, we examined anterior pituitary cytosolic proteins that form RNA protein complexes (RPC) with the 5'LS of the CRF-R1 and the AT(1a)R. Competition studies and ultraviolet-crosslinking analysis suggest that formation of CRF-R1 and AT(1a)R 5'LS RPC require at least some proteins that are common to both receptor mRNAs. Pituitaries isolated from male Sprague-Dawley rats six days after ADX showed significant (P < 0.05) increases of 2.9-fold in CRF-R1 5'LS RNA binding protein (BP) activity compared to pituitaries from sham-operated rats; this effect of ADX was prevented by glucocorticoid replacement. By contrast, no differences in the number of pituitary AT(1a)R binding sites or pituitary AT(1a)R 5'LS BP activity were observed between sham and ADX rats, indicating that the effect of ADX on RPC formation was specific for CRF-R1 mRNA. Addition of pituitary cytosolic extracts inhibited in vitro translation of CRF-R1 mRNA by 79% under conditions that had no significant effects on the translation of a control mRNA. The data suggest that CRF-R1 translation is regulated by modulation of the HPA axis through pituitary cytosolic proteins binding to the CRF-R1 5'LS.

5' Untranslated Regions↗

PubMed2004

Desferrioxamine modulates chemically induced T helper 2-mediated autoimmunity in the rat.

A rise in interleukin (IL) 4-dependent immunoglobulin E (IgE) is a hallmark of the mercuric chloride (HgCl2)-induced Th2-mediated autoimmune syndrome in the Brown Norway (BN) rat, and one of the mediators in allergic asthma in human. Oxidative stress, a potential factor related to the pathogenesis of allergy and asthma, has been shown to up-regulate IL-4 in mast cells and predispose to degranulation in vitro. However, it remains unknown whether oxidative/antioxidative imbalance plays a role in this Th2-driven model of autoimmunity in the rat. Here we show that administration of the non-sulphydryl-containing antioxidant desferrioxamine i.p. and s.c. to BN rats reduces HgCl2-enhanced IL-4 gene expression and inhibits HgCl2-induced Th2-mediated autoimmunity. Desferrioxamine treatment suppresses significantly IgE production and lymphoproliferation, and reduces tissue injury in the form of caecal vasculitis in the HgCl2-induced autoimmune syndrome. These results support a role for oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of the HgCl2-induced Th2-dominated autoimmune syndrome. This finding might have implications for understanding the mechanisms involved in Th2 cell responses as seen in allergy and asthma and thereby aid the development of new therapeutic strategies for these diseases.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Synthesis and characterization of human alpha-defensins 4-6.

Human alpha-defensins are small, Cys-rich, cationic proteins expressed predominantly in neutrophils and intestinal epithelia. They play important roles in innate and adaptive immunity against infection. Progress in studying these molecules can be accelerated by access to large quantities of high-quality materials, which have been obtained mainly from natural sources. Here, we report total synthesis of human alpha-defensins 4, 5, and 6, also known as HNP4, HD5, and HD6, using the optimized N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIEA) in situ neutralization/2-(1 H-benzotriazolyl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluroniumhexafluorophosphate (HBTU) activation protocol for solid-phase Boc chemistry. Oxidative folding/disulfide formation was achieved directly using crude peptides, resulting in an overall synthetic yield of 10-16% with high purity. Antimicrobial activity assays were performed with Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, using colony-counting methods, and the results demonstrated differential activity against these strains. Our report describes a highly efficient synthetic approach that enables thorough structural and functional studies of these three important immunologic molecules.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2004

Reactive oxygen species in the initiation of IL-4 driven autoimmunity as a potential therapeutic target.

Helper T-lymphocytes have been shown to differentiate into two mutually regulatory subsets. Cells primarily secreting interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-gamma are known as Th1 cells and mediate classical cell-mediated immune responses such as delayed-type hypersensitivity. Cells secreting interleukin-4 (IL-4) are known as Th2 cells and promote humoral immune responses, in particular the production of IgE and IgG4 (human) or IgG1 (rodents). Over-activity of either cell type can result in tissue-damaging autoimmune disease. A number of human diseases including asthma and some kidney diseases are thought to be caused by a Th-2 type autoimmune response. Study of an animal model of Th2-driven autoimmunity (mercuric chloride-induced autoimmunity in Brown Norway rats) has yielded insights into a possible role for oxidant stress in the generation of Th-2 driven autoimmune responses. Mercuric chloride probably causes oxidant stress by the generation of free-radicals, activating NK-kappaB, a transcription factor for the IL-4 gene. Treatment with the antioxidants N-acetlcysteine and desferrioxamine has been shown to suppress vasculitis and IgE production in this model. These findings suggest a possible clinical role for antioxidants in the therapy of human autoimmune disease.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗

PubMed2003

Hyperfine polarization and its normal gradient coefficient of (87)Rb atoms in the vicinity (approximately 10(-5) cm) of coated and uncoated Pyrex glass surfaces.

We have made regionally specific measurement of the hyperfine polarization of 87Rb atoms in the vicinity ( approximately 10(-5) cm) of coated and uncoated Pyrex glass surfaces. We find that the polarization near an uncoated surface decreases rapidly with decreasing distance from the surface whereas for a silicone-coated surface the polarization is independent of the distance from the surface. We have also determined the normal gradient coefficient micro (S.I) of the hyperfine polarization in uncoated cells. In a representative uncoated cell, at a Rb density 7.35 x 10(13) cm(-3) and a pump beam intensity 1.3 W/cm(2), we find micro(S.I)=24+/-7 microm(-1).

Journal Article↗

PubMed2003

First ultraviolet high-gain harmonic-generation free-electron laser.

We report the first experimental results on a high-gain harmonic-generation (HGHG) free-electron laser (FEL) operating in the ultraviolet. An 800 nm seed from a Ti:sapphire laser has been used to produce saturated amplified radiation at the 266 nm third harmonic. The results confirm the predictions for HGHG FEL operation: stable central wavelength, narrow bandwidth, and small pulse-energy fluctuation.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2003

Alternating layer and island growth of Pb on Si by spontaneous quantum phase separation.

Real-time in situ x-ray studies of continuous Pb deposition on Si(111)-(7x7) at 180 K reveal an unusual growth behavior. A wetting layer forms first to cover the entire surface. Then islands of a fairly uniform height of about five monolayers form on top of the wetting layer and grow to fill the surface. The growth then switches to a layer-by-layer mode upon further deposition. This behavior of alternating layer and island growth can be attributed to spontaneous quantum phase separation based on a first-principles calculation of the system energy.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2003

Problems with GH doping in sports.

Human hGH is listed as a prohibited class E substance by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), and its use is considered as doping. However, until today the likelihood of being punished for using recombinant hGH is very limited: once injected, it is believed to be undetectable by laboratories. No official test is implemented in the doping control procedures, and the only situation when athletes were found guilty of doping with hGH arose from actions of customs officers or policemen arresting athletes carrying ampoules with them. The primary reason for the lack of an accepted test method is the amino acid sequence identity between the main fraction of pituitary derived hGH and recombinant hGH, which makes it difficult to discriminate between endogenous and exogenous hGH. In addition, hGH is known to have a very short half-life time in circulation of around 15 min. Recent efforts of endocrine researchers led to the identification of two main strategies promising to be useful for the detection of recombinant hGH application, which are reviewed in this article: on the one hand, changes in GH-dependent parameters after administration of recombinant GH have been shown to be possible indicators of GH abuse, because the increase in various parameters following recombinant hGH administration exceeds the variability commonly observed in normal, healthy subjects. More directly, another approach focuses on changes in the hGH isoform pattern in serum occurring after injection of recombinant hGH. Because of the negative feedback on pituitary hGH secretion, the relative abundance of isoforms other than 22 kD are greatly reduced after administration of recombinant hGH, which only consists of the 22 kD hGH isoform.

Doping in Sports↗

PubMed2003

Low dose latrunculin-A inhibits dexamethasone-induced changes in the actin cytoskeleton and alters extracellular matrix protein expression in cultured human trabecular meshwork cells.

We determined the effects of a low dose of the actin-disrupting agent latrunculin (LAT)-A on dexamethasone (DEX)-induced changes in actin organization, focal adhesions, and production of extracellular matrix proteins in cultured human trabecular meshwork (HTM) cells. HTM cells were cultured to a highly confluent stage with stable endothelium-like morphology and incubated with 0.1 or 0.2 microM DEX and/or 0.1 microM LAT-A. Changes in the actin cytoskeleton and vinculin-containing focal contacts were evaluated by immunofluorescence microscopy. Expression of thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) and fibronectin (FN) in HTM cells was evaluated by Western blot analysis. The results showed that DEX induced morphological changes and actin reorganization in HTM cells. The cells partly recovered after DEX withdrawal, but the addition of low dose LAT-A hastened the recovery. In addition, DEX failed to induce changes when co-incubated with LAT-A for at least 4 weeks, and for at least 2 weeks when cells were pre-treated with LAT-A for 2 weeks. HTM cells treated with 0.1 microM LAT-A only for 5 days showed mild disorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and focal adhesions, which persisted during the 4 weeks of treatment. DEX stimulated production of FN in HTM cells independent of LAT-A treatment. LAT-A and, to a lesser extent, DEX inhibited production of TSP1 by HTM cells. Although LAT-A is not a DEX receptor antagonist, it is able to prevent the effects of DEX on the actin cytoskeleton in cultured HTM cells at a dose subthreshold for increasing outflow facility in monkeys. This suggests that LAT-A at low doses may be useful in treating steroid and other glaucomas. TSP1 may be an important target of LAT-A in HTM cells and modulation of TSP may influence the actin cytoskeleton of the trabecular meshwork (TM), and consequently, intraocular pressure.

Actins↗