Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to Z Kowalski.
The mutagenic activity of trioxane and dioxolane was investigated in 5 histidine-requiring strains of S. typhimurium: TA1535, TA1537, TA1538, TA98 and TA100 with and without activation by liver microsomes. They were not mutagenic under any of these conditions with any of the his- S. typhimurium tester strains (in the presence or absence of S9 mix from liver homogenate of rats induced with Aroclor 1254).
The micronucleus test was used to study the mutagenic effects of ethyl acrylate and methyl acrylate. Investigated compounds were administered to Balb C male mice by i.p. injection in two doses, separated by a period of 24 h. Ethyl acrylate at doses of 225-1800 mg/kg, and methyl acrylate at doses of 37.5-300 mg/kg significantly induce chromosome damage resulting in micronuclei formation in bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes. Both investigated compounds significantly decrease the ratio of polychromatic to normochromatic erythrocytes. Positive results provide evidence of clastogenic activity of ethyl acrylate and methyl acrylate.
The possible genotoxic effects of dioxolane and trioxane were studied using the micronucleus test. Mice were given dioxolane and trioxane i.p. in two doses at 24-h intervals. Dioxolane at doses from 1500 mg/kg to 6000 mg/kg caused a significant increase of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in bone marrow of mice as compared to the negative control value. Positive results in the micronucleus test provide evidence of genotoxic activity of dioxolane. I.p. administration of trioxane produced no chromosomal damage resulting in erythrocyte micronucleus formation, even at highly toxic doses.
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The author presents the present -- day position and developmental trends of industrial toxicology studies, relating this specialty to other hygiene branches, especially to natural environment protection. Disproportions in the development of this line of studies was indicated, as opposed to the progress in technique and technology. These disproportions are most evident when we compare the number of chemicals for whose some data determining their biological effects have been collected, with over 4 mln. chemical compounds used in our economy. The main general problems to be solved in the nearest future are: scientific and technical information and establishment, at an international level, of basic definitions, criteria of toxicity evaluation and occupational risk, related classification and bases constituting a starting point for establishing the hygienic standards (MAC). In addition, current orientation of studies in narrower specialties within industrial toxicology was discussed, i.e. experimental toxicology, chemical air analysis, toxicological biochemistry, chemical substances metabolism in organism, pathology of acute and chronic intoxications. The development of new narrow specialties and new problems was pointed out, in view of their perspective significance for the health protection of workers occupationally exposed to chemicals. Among those problems are: remote effects of exposure to chemicals, especially the problem of industiral carcinogenesis, combined effects of poisons, and so called behavioral toxicology. It was noted that the present knowledge of carcinogenic effects of chemicals permits to gradually set up efficient preventive measures, conditioned by implementation of systems of occupational risk control and the control of health effects of exposure.
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