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Z Dimitrova

Publications and source records attributed to Z Dimitrova.

14 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1999

Antibacterials: spontaneous report analysis for a six years period in Bulgaria.

The pharmacovigilance started in Bulgaria in 1975. The doctors had to send the filled so called "yellow cards" for the suspected Adverse Drug Reactions to the Centre for Drug Safety at the National Drug Institute. In Bulgaria a spontaneous reporting on the adverse drug reactions has been studied during the period 1991-1996 for Antibacterials. The total number of the reports was 2409 and 18% of this number related to the Antibacterials. The reporting rate varied from 0.3 to 1.8 per 100,000 inhabitancy. As a whole 29% of the adverse drug reaction reports concerned the patients in the age groups of 0-5 year old. Amoxicillin is a drug with a majority of reports for the period. This article reveals the limits of the operating spontaneous reporting system in Bulgaria and suggests some possible measures to improve and refine it in a connection to the WHO and EMEA requirements.

Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems↗
PubMed1999

Pharmacovigilance: characteristics of the most widely used drugs in Bulgaria.

In the present study we analysed registered adverse drug reactions caused by 19 most used drugs in Bulgaria during three-year period. The cases were assembled from the spontaneous reporting system operated in our country. We described demographic characteristics of the patients, clinical diagnosis and reporting rates per 100,000 inhabitants for each drug. The data for antibiotics were compared with the results of our previous research. We analysed 188 adverse drug reactions i.e. 21% of all reports received in the Centre for Drug Safety of the National Drug Institute. Adverse drug reactions type B such as oedema, allergy, coma, etc. predominate. The number of cases with perforated ulcer and melaena caused by acetylsalicylic acid is considerable. The frequency of adverse drug reaction for the investigated drugs in "rare" according to WHO standards. It is necessary to assemble more information on adverse drug reactions and every serious case and inform medical doctors and pharmacists as a first step for improving the pharmacovigilance system in Bulgaria.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Antiherpes effect of Melissa officinalis L. extracts.

Studies were carried out on the virucidal and antiviral effects of Melissa officinalis L. extracts (M1, M3, M3 and M4) with respect to Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Virucidal effect was registered within 3 and 6 hours of treatment using M4 administered in MTC. The remaining extracts inactivate the virus at the 12th and 24th hour. No significant values of inhibiting activity of M1, M2, and M3 on the same virus in vitro or in vivo were demonstrated. The presence of caffeic, rosmarinic and ferulic acids was demonstrated by thin-layer chromatography. Their role in the antiviral activity of M. officinalis L. is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

[Survival of pathogenic microorganisms in the Black Sea mussel with an experimental infection].

The survival rate was followed up of S. typhimurium, S. enteritidis, S. aureus, and E. coli in the organs of M. galloprovincialis L. in experimental conditions. A vat was used with 30 mussels in 10 l of sea water contaminated with 10 cm3 broth culture in conc. of 2.10(4) bacterial cells per cub. cm. The water was changed at 24-hour intervals. Microbiologic studies were carried out of the gills, liver, and meat of the mussels and of the sampled sea water. Lowest survival rate showed S. aureus--up to the second day, S. typhimurium and S. orientalis--up to the 4th days (in the gills only), and E. coli--up to the sixth day (in the gills and liver). None of the experimental strains to the sixth day (in the gills and liver). None of the experimental strains was isolated from the meat. With regard to the periods of investigation cited M. galloprovincialis L. could play the role of a carrier, resp. vector of the infection and could bring about a disease after consumption. Stated is the important part played by mussels as biofilter, and, at the same time, as source of pathogenic bacterial microflora.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

[Demonstration of the M-protein of the Newcastle disease virus by current immunochemical methods].

The immunosorbent micromethod with the use of nitrocellulose paper was employed for the first time to demonstrate subviral antigens from animal origin, such as the M-protein of the Newcastle Disease virus. The method proved to be highly effective. It was useful in discovering amounts as high as 10-20 ng of the antigen, while with the use of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) amounts of about 200 ng could be evaluated. The immunosorbent micromethod performed on nitrocellulose paper was readily applicable as compared to all previously employed highly sensitive methods, and could be used successfully in immunochemical investigations.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[Production of labelled gamma globulin for the detection of Chlamydia].

A method was worked out for the production of an antichlamydial fluorescent serum to be used in the direct immunofluorescence test. Used were the methods of culturing Chlamydia in chick embryos and cell cultures, light and electron microscopy, differential centrifugation and supercentrifugation, gel chromatography in Sepharose, ultracentrifugation in saccharose, hyperimmunization of guinea pigs, conjugation of gammaglobulin with fluorescein isothiocyanate, complement fixation, and the direct immunofluorescence itself. Applied was a new immunologic scheme for the production of fluorescent sera. The guinea pigs were hyperimmunized twice and three times at 30-day intervals with highly purified, highly concentrated and adjuvant-treated chlamydial suspensions. It was concluded that the main condition for the production of high titer labelled gammaglobulins was to obtain purified and concentrated chlamydial antigens and use these with an adjuvant. To indicate Chlamydia in testing the conjugates it is essential to prepare standard test lamellas infected at high multiplicity of purified and concentrated Chlamydia.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Corona- and rotavirus enteritis in newborn calves in Bulgaria].

In the course of investigations into enteritis enzootics in newly-born calves, 55 fecal samples have been studied through direct electron microscopy by the negative contrast method. Rota viruses were found in eight of them, corona viruses in 38.2 per cent of the cases, and both rota- and corona viruses in 49.1 per cent of the cases. Two types of rota-viral particles were observed: with and without supercapsids. Also two types of corona-viral particles were established. The first type was relatively monomorphic, having an average diameter of 120 nm, and length of the surface spikes of 20 nm. The second type was pleomorphic with length of the spikes of 11 nm. Most of the fecal samples, containing corona viruses, agglutinate mice, rat and hamster erythrocytes. On studying the physical and chemical properties of the hemagglutinine, ist gradient density and antigenic patterns it was shown that it is related to the intact corona-virions. With the hemagglutination-inhibition test developed, antibodies against corona-viruses in the sera of a considerable number of the cows have been demonstrated. A precipitating antigen has been shown in a part of the fecal samples, containing rota-viruses. By studying the physical and chemical properties, its gradient density and its comparison with a refernce antigen, it has been shown that the antigen was conditioned by degraded fragments of rota-viruses. With the aid of the immunodiffusion method with a fecal antigen evolved, precipitating antibodies have been shown in 18 to 46 per cent of the cows and calves.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Low dose treatment with methotrexate-adverse drug reactions survey.

Antineoplastic drugs caused various and frequent adverse drug reactions (ADR) in connection with their pharmacodynamics. Methotrexate (MTX) ADRs are preferably gastrointestinal disorders and hepatotoxicity (hepatic enzyme abnormalities). The aim of this study was to detect and analyse ADR induced by low-dose MTX treatment in rheumatology. We observed 94 patients, 63 with rheumatoid arthritis and 31 with psoriatic arthritis. All patients were co-medicated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) as Diclofenacum, Indomethacinum, Piroxicamum and 51% with glycocorticosteroides. During the follow-up study we collected 18 case-reports with ADR for 17% of the patients. From the patients with registered ADR, 11 was treated with standard dose of 7.5 mg MTX for a week and 7 patients received from 10 to 15 mg for a week. The distribution of the cases according patients' gender was 9 females and 7 males. Prevail individuals in age groups' 41-50 and over 61 years. The most frequent adverse drug reactions were leucopenia, trombocytopenia, skin reactions and gastrointestinal disorders as vomiting, melaena, epigastrial pain, etc. The primary risk connected with long therapy of low doses MTX is hepatotoxicity that diagnose and treatment are painful and expensive. As a result of the appearance of ADR in 5 patients the therapy with MTX was not changed, in two cases MTX is stopped timely or the dosage is changed and in the rest 11 patients MTX was excluded from the therapeutic scheme.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An attempt for complex assessment of the elderly patients' compliance.

Compliance is taking the correct amount of the correct medicine at the correct time. Today, the problem of prescription medicine noncompliance is gaining considerably more attention within the pharmacy community as a part of the pharmaceutical care and by the other health professionals. Sometimes, compliance is defined "objectively" by how much medication a patient takes, such as taking a certain percentage of prescribed medication or taking a certain number of pills over a specific time period. Undoubtedly the care for the elderly patients and especially for the elderly patients that are bedridden can be an especially difficult challenge. The extent of non-compliance among them is estimated to be about 40% to 50%. The aim of this research is to assess the level of compliance and the factors, that influence this process among a group of elderly patients. We applied a complex methodology in order to avoid the mistakes that are connected with the use of a single method separately.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Reimbursed treatment, regulated in the national frame contract.

The investigation is an analysis of the main elements, included in the reimbursement system for the drug insurance. The aim is directly dependent on the valuation for the adequate service of the arise health needs of the citizens that are obligatory insured. The used methods are connected with an analysis of the regulations and of the statistical information. As result of the investigation are characterized the seize of the disease and of the drug nomenclature with a forecast reimburse therapy. The provide valuation of the objective state of the system shows that the criteria and rules are not clear and precise in respect of: the include of the drugs in the positive list, the determination of the level of reimbursement, the selection of the disease with the reimbursement treatment and especially of those with totally reimbursed therapy. The investigation shows that the accepted principles in this area are appropriate with the modern concepts and tendencies, but for their real realization are necessary additional attempts for overcoming of the negatives in the process of developments through adequate administrative decisions and approaches.

Fees, Pharmaceutical↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Not Available].

The pharmacists are highly qualified specialists that possess knowledge in the field of biology, chemistry and special medical disciplines. This defines their potential for a realization in different scientific fields. The article points out the place and the role of pharmacists with higher education as leaders in the drug security policy of the country. Here are seen the different fields of realization of the pharmaceutical staff in the pharmacy system, chemical - pharmaceutical and food industry, laboratories for a drug analysis, scientific research institutes, medical control of the social security, and army. The main functions of the pharmacy are formulated as follows: drug delivery, pharmaceutical services and a function connected with health policy.

History of Pharmacy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Psychotropic drugs in Bulgaria-frequency and risk of adverse drug reactions.

The aim of the study is to determine the frequency and risk of appearance of adverse drug reactions/ADRs/during the treatment with psychotropic drugs. The first part of the study is an analysis of the use of the psychotropic drugs for one-year period of time in our country, performed by DDD methodology. An attempt is made to equalize the Bulgarian list of the psychotropic drugs with the ATC classification and to estimate the DDD/1000/day. The data for Bulgaria is compared with that of the other countries. The collected data for the psychotropic drug use is divided into 2 groups: Psycholeptics and Psychoanaleptics. It is made an attempt to explain the main differences between them. The number of the standard therapeutic courses/NT/is used for assessment of the frequency and risk of ADRs. The results from the study show that the determined frequency of appearance of ADR for the different drugs is within "rare" and "very rare' for 100,000 inhabitants, according to the WHO terminology. Only for the drug Tardyl (EGIS Pharmaceuticals, Hungary) with INN Aminobarbitalum + Glutethimidum + Promethazini hydrochloridum the frequency is above 1%. That fact makes us to recommend a limitation of the prescription and usage of this drug to the Bulgarian Ministry of Health and to the National Drug Agency.

Bulgaria↗