Biomedical subjects

Y Zeng

Publications and source records attributed to Y Zeng.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources

PubMed1999

[Clinical analysis of 12 cases of Chinese patients with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma].

OBJECTIVE: To define the clinical characteristics and differential diagnosis in Chinese patients with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and its relation to human T lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) infection. METHODS: Lymphocyte morphology in peripheral blood was examined in smears by Cytospin II. Lymphocyte immunophenotyping was carried out by indirect immunofluorescence method. HTLV-1 antibody was detected by indirect immunofluorescence method, proviral DNA detected by PCR method and PCR products demonstrated by Southern Blot analysis. RESULTS: The clinical manifestations in these 12 patients were fever (10/12), lymphadenopathy (8/12), skin changes (7/12), spleen and liver enlargement (7/12), jaundice (3/12), pleural effusion (1/12) and lung invasion (1/12). Patul-like cells were not easily found in routine blood smears, but easily found with Cytospin II (10/10). There was increase in lactic dehydrogenase (8/9) and soluble interleukin 2 receptor (9/9). Anemia (7/12), thrombocytopenia (6/12), pancytopenia (2/12), myelodysplasia (4/12) and eosinophilia (8/12) can be found, but no hypercalcemia. HTLV-1 antibody and proviral DNA were positive in 6/10 cases and 9/12 cases respectively. Nine cases were classified as acute type and three as lymphoma type. All patients were misdiagnosed as other diseases at the beginning. The initial presentations were skin changes (4/12), lymphadenopathy (3/12), myelodysplasia (3/12), progressive liver enlargement (1/12) and refractory pleural effusion (1/12). The complications were infections by undetermined pathogens (6/12), Streptococcal infection (1/12), gastrointestinal bleeding (3/12), acute renal failure (3/12), acute respiratory failure (2/12) and cerebral hemorrhage (1/12). Seven patients died, three still survive, and two are out of contact. CONCLUSION: ATLL may not be very rare in China. It is necessary to deepen the recognition of ATLL in Chinese.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

[Preliminary study on chemical changes in the decocting process of radix et rhizoma Rhei].

OBJECTIVE: To understand the chemical changes in the decocting process of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei. METHOD: Comparing the contents of many kinds of anthraquinones in the crude drug, decoction and drug sediments of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei by HPLC. RESULT: The contents of combined and free anthraquinones changed after the crude drug was decocted. CONCLUSION: These changes may be related to the hydrolysis of combined anthraquinones, the decomposition of free anthraquinones, and the inter-transition among anthraquinones.

Anthraquinones↗

PubMed1999

[Studies on quality standard of Fructus Amomi].

OBJECTIVE: To study the quality standard of different parts and species of Fructus Amomi from different producing. METHOD: GC method, ash determination and water determination. RESULT: The contents of bornyl acetate in different parts and species of Fructus Amomi from different producing areas were obviously different, but the traditional curative effects remained unchanged. The standards for the total ash content, acid-insoluble ash content and water content in Fructus Amomi have been set up. CONCLUSION: Bornyl acetate with a definite content limit should be chosen as the index in studying the quality standard of Fructus Amomi.

Amomum↗

PubMed1999

[Effects on the amount of total hemolytic complement levels(CH50) and immunoglobulin in serum induced by the implantation of biomaterials into rats].

Three kinds of biomaterials, PES, YP and SR, were implanted into the subcutaneous tissue of rats and stayed there for 7, 14, 30, 60 and 90 days. Then using the immunity assaying system (Beckman, ICS) and the standard method of measuring the value of total hemolytic complement levels (CH50), we determined the values of immunoglobulin and CH50 in serum of rats. The results showed the amounts of IgG and IgA of rats with the implanted YP and SR materials were significantly higher than those of the control groups, and their value of CH50 was significantly lower than that of the control group. There was no significant difference between the PES group and the control group.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

[A study on the relationship between tree age and bark quality in Magnolia officinalis].

Contents of magnolol and honokiol in 76 samples of Magnolia officinalis collected from 11 counties in Zhejiang, Fujian, Sichuan, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi and Hubei are analyzed by means of HPLC. A study on the effect of tree age on effective ingredients in Magnolia offcinalis shows that the influence of tree age on the content of magnolol and honokiol is correlated with the varieties under cultivation, but a small effect on the content of the phenols with an indent at the tip of leaves. The content of magnolol in other types of leaves increases rapidly with increase in age, diameter of the trunk and thickness of the bark, with not many changes found at the age of 12 or up. Increase in age may be favorable to the full expression of oily characteristic. These results provide a scientific base for the determination of optimal time for harvesting bark from artificially established Magnolia officinalis stands.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1999

[The T cell activation from peripheral blood of patients with herpetic keratitis following in vitro activation].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the T cells activation from peripherial blood(PB) of patients with herpes simplex keratitis following in vitro activation. METHODS: The flow cytometry was used to investigate the expression of HLA-DR, CD25, CD69, CD71 on T cell from PB, the PB in culture, the PB cultured with phytohemagglutinin(PHA) or phorbol 12, 13-dibutyrate(PDB) or PDB and ionophore (IONO), in 7 cases with herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK) and 4 cases with herpetic ulcer keratitis(HUK). 6 normal people were set as control. RESULTS: The percentages of CD3+DR71+ was higher, and the CD3+CD71+ was lower from PB of patients with HSK than those from normal people. After the PB was cultured for 72 hours, the percentages of CD8+CD71+ in lymphocytes from HSK and CD8+DR+, CD8+CD69+, CD8+CD71+ in lymphocytes from HUK were lower than those from nomal people. And the CD8+CD71+ cells from HUK also was lower than those from HSK. When the PB was cultured with PHA for 72 hours, the percentages of CD3+CD71+, CD8+CD69+, CD8+CD71+ from HSK and HUK were lower than those from normal people. The percentages of CD8+CD25+ in lymphocytes from HUK also was lower than those from normal, and the CD8+CD69+ cells in lymphocytes was lower than those from HSK. The percentages of CD3+CD71+ in PB cultured with PDB for 72 hours, CD3+CD69+ in PB cultured with PDB and IONO for 72 hours from HSK were lower than those from normal people. CONCLUSION: The ability of T cells activation decreases in cases with HSK following in vitro activation. The lymphocytes in patients with HUK shows much lower activation than those cases with HUK.

Antigens, CD↗

PubMed1998

Cloning and characterization of the mouse histone deacetylase-2 gene.

Histone deacetylase-2 (HDAC2) is a component of a complex that mediates transcriptional repression in mammalian cells. A mouse HDAC2 cDNA was used to identify several recombinant clones containing the entire mouse HDAC2 gene. The mouse HDAC2 gene spans over 36 kilobase pairs and is composed of 14 exons (ranging from 58 to 362 nucleotides in length) and 13 introns (ranging from 75 base pairs to 19 kilobase pairs in length). Primer extension analysis with total RNA from NIH3T3 cells revealed a major transcriptional start site at 221 base pairs 5' of the ATG translational start codon. Upstream of the transcriptional start site, no canonical TATA box was found, but binding sites for several known transcription factors were identified. Transient transfection studies with 5' deletion mutants localized the promoter to no more than 76 base pairs upstream from the major transcriptional start site. Fluorescence in situ hybridization mapped mouse HDAC2 to chromosomal location 10B1, which is in close proximity to the growth factor-inducible gene fisp-12. Information concerning the genomic organization and promoter of HDAC2 will be useful in studies of the regulation of histone deacetylase activities, which in turn are important in studies of the regulation of transcriptional repression in mammalian cells.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Replication checkpoint requires phosphorylation of the phosphatase Cdc25 by Cds1 or Chk1.

Checkpoints maintain the order and fidelity of events of the cell cycle by blocking mitosis in response to unreplicated or damaged DNA. In most species this is accomplished by preventing activation of the cell-division kinase Cdc2, which regulates entry into mitosis. The Chk1 kinase, an effector of the DNA-damage checkpoint, phosphorylates Cdc25, an activator of Cdc2. Phosphorylation of Cdc25 promotes its binding to 14-3-3 proteins, preventing it from activating Cdc2. Here we propose that a similar pathway is required for mitotic arrest in the presence of unreplicated DNA (that is, in the replication checkpoint) in fission yeast. We show by mutagenesis that Chk1 functions redundantly with the kinase Cds1 at the replication checkpoint and that both kinases phosphorylate Cdc25 on the same sites, which include serine residues at positions 99, 192 and 359. Mutation of these residues reduces binding of 14-3-3 proteins to Cdc25 in vitro and disrupts the replication checkpoint in vivo. We conclude that both Cds1 and Chk1 regulate the binding of Cdc25 to 14-3-3 proteins as part of the checkpoint response to unreplicated DNA.

14-3-3 Proteins↗

PubMed1998

Nonesterified fatty acids induce transmembrane monovalent cation flux: host-guest interactions as determinants of fatty acid-induced ion transport.

Nonesterified fatty acids are key intermediates in cellular metabolism whose intracellular concentration is regulated by multiple anabolic, catabolic, and oxidative enzymatic cascades. Herein, we demonstrate that fatty acids induce transmembrane monovalent cation flux with an apparent rate constant kapp = 10(-)4 - 10(-)3 s-1. Fatty acid-induced cation efflux exploits the ionic association of the cation with the carboxylate anion of the fatty acid and the subsequent transmembrane flip-flop of the fatty acid-cation complex. Rates of fatty acid-induced transmembrane cation flux were dependent upon complex host-guest interactions between the fatty acid-cation complex and the phospholipid constituents which comprise the membrane bilayer including (1) the degree of unsaturation of the fatty acid guest and the regiospecificity and stereospecificity of its olefinic linkages; (2) the phospholipid subclass and individual molecular species which constitute the host membrane phospholipids; (3) impedance matching of host and guest hydrophobic characteristics; and (4) the cholesterol content of the membrane bilayer. Arrhenius analysis demonstrated that fatty acid-induced K+ efflux was facilitated largely by changes in the entropy of activation of ion translocation and not the energy of activation. Moreover, Arrhenius analysis demonstrated that the energy of activation of ion translocation was phospholipid subclass specific. For example, arachidonic acid-induced cation efflux in membranes comprised of 16:0-18:1 plasmenylcholine possessed an Ea = 5.3 +/- 0.4 kcal/mol, while that for 16:0-18:1 phosphatidylcholine was 7.2 +/- 0.5 kcal/mol. Electrophysiologic measurements of planar lipid membranes containing 10 mol % arachidonic acid as a substitutional impurity confirmed the ability of physiologically relevant amounts of fatty acid to induce ion translocation with a specific conductance of 2.6 +/- 0.3 microS/cm2. Collectively, these results demonstrate that fatty acids facilitate transmembrane cation flux by an ion carrier type mechanism and suggest that fatty acid-mediated ion transport contributes to the leakage current present in many cell types and thus potentially modulates cellular responsivity during signal transduction where the intracellular content of fatty acids changes dramatically.

Arachidonic Acid↗

PubMed1998

Biodemographic trajectories of longevity.

Old-age survival has increased substantially since 1950. Death rates decelerate with age for insects, worms, and yeast, as well as humans. This evidence of extended postreproductive survival is puzzling. Three biodemographic insights--concerning the correlation of death rates across age, individual differences in survival chances, and induced alterations in age patterns of fertility and mortality--offer clues and suggest research on the failure of complicated systems, on new demographic equations for evolutionary theory, and on fertility-longevity interactions. Nongenetic changes account for increases in human life-spans to date. Explication of these causes and the genetic license for extended survival, as well as discovery of genes and other survival attributes affecting longevity, will lead to even longer lives.

Aging↗

PubMed1998

Epstein-Barr virus strain variation in nasopharyngeal carcinoma from the endemic and non-endemic regions of China.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) occurs with a striking geographic incidence and is endemic in parts of southern China, where it is the major cause of cancer death. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is detected in all cells of the majority of NPC cases regardless of geographic origin. A small subset of EBV genes is expressed in NPC, including the latent membrane protein (LMP-1). LMP-1 is essential for transformation of B lymphocytes and is considered to be the EBV oncogene. This analysis of the DNA sequence variation within the LMP-1 gene reveals a consensus sequence for a strain, denoted China1, which predominates in East Asia where NPC is endemic. The China1 strain is characterized by nucleotide changes at 13 loci in the amino terminal portion of the LMP-1 gene when compared with the B95-8 prototype, including a point mutation resulting in the loss of an Xho1 restriction site. This strain was present in 9 of 15 NPC biopsy specimens from the endemic region and in 7 of 13 from northern China, where NPC is non-endemic. A second strain, China2, was detected in 4 of 15 endemic isolates and in 2 of 13 non-endemic isolates; this strain was characterized by a cluster of 5 nucleotide changes in the amino terminal portion of LMP-1 in addition to those seen in China1. It was also marked by distinct changes in the carboxy terminal region of LMP-1 including the retention of amino acids 343-352. All China1 isolates were EBV type 1, whereas the China2 isolates did not correlate with EBV type. Phylogenetic relationships between these 2 strains were determined, as were signature amino acid alterations that discriminate between them.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed1998

Phospholipid subclass specific alterations in the passive ion permeability of membrane bilayers: separation of enthalpic and entropic contributions to transbilayer ion flux.

Alterations in phospholipid class, subclass, and individual molecular species contribute to the diversity of biologic membranes, but their effects on membrane passive ion permeability have not been systematically studied. Herein, we developed a simple and efficient fluorescence technique based upon the loss of valinomycin-inducible membrane potential to characterize the passive flux of ions across phospholipid bilayers. Detailed kinetic characterization of ion flux across membrane bilayers composed of discrete chemical entities demonstrated that the class, subclass, and individual molecular species of each phospholipid have substantive effects on membrane passive ion permeability properties. Increasing the degree of unsaturation in either the sn-1 or sn-2 aliphatic chains in phosphatidylcholine markedly enhanced transmembrane ion flux, with over 10-fold differences in the first-order rate constant manifested in molecular species containing four double bonds in comparison to those possessing three double bonds (e.g., kapp = 0.0014 min-1 for 1-octadec-9'-enoyl-2-octadec-9', 12'-dienoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (18:1-18:2 phosphatidylcholine) while kapp = 0.021 min-1 for 1,2-dioctadec-9', 12'-dienoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (18:2-18:2 phosphatidylcholine)). Moreover, although the apparent first-order rate constants for transmembrane ion flux in vesicles composed of phosphatidylcholine or plasmanylcholine containing palmitate at the sn-1 position and arachidonate at the sn-2 position were similar (kapp = 0.04 min-1 at 22 degreesC for both), the kapp for corresponding vesicles composed of plasmenylcholine was 20-fold less (kapp = 0.002 min-1 at 22 degreesC). Examination of the temperature dependence of passive membrane ion permeability demonstrated that altered ion flux across membranes composed of choline glycerophospholipids was primarily due to entropic effects without substantial changes in the activation energy for ion translocation. For example, Ea = 19.7 +/- 0.5 and 20.7 +/- 0.6 kcal.mol-1 for 1-hexadecanoyl-2-eicosa-5',8',11', 14'-tetraenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (16:0-20:4 phosphatidylcholine) and 1-O-(Z)-hexadec-1'-enyl-2-eicosa-5',8',11', 14'-tetraenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (16:0-20:4 plasmenylcholine), respectively, while their difference in the entropies of activation (DeltaS) was 4.3 +/- 0.5 cal.mol-1.K-1. Collectively, these results identify substantial differences in the membrane passive ion permeability properties of phospholipid classes, subclasses, and molecular species present in biologic membranes of eukaryotic cells and identify entropic alterations as an important contributor to these differences.

Cholesterol↗

PubMed1998

Amino-acid change in the Epstein-Barr-virus ZEBRA protein in undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinomas from Europe and North Africa.

Different Epstein-Barr-virus(EBV) variants were found to be associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). The type-C variant lacks the BamHI site between the BamHI W1* and I* regions and the type-f variant has an extra BamHI site in the BamHI F fragment. The BNLF1 gene (which encodes the LMP1 protein) from a nude-mouse-passaged CAO strain and from NPC biopsies from Taiwanese patients also exhibits variations resulting in structural and functional differences in the protein. The BZLF1 gene encodes the ZEBRA protein which triggers the EBV lytic cycle. A difference has been observed in 8 amino acids in the ZEBRA sequence in B95-8 (Z95) and P3HR1 (ZP3) cell lines. EBV found in NPC biopsies and peripheral-blood cells from Asians was predominantly of the ZP3 type (72%), while 81% of samples from different EBV-associated diseases and peripheral-blood cells from North Africa or Europe were of the Z95 type. We found that an alanine 206 had been replaced by a serine in the Z95 sequence in 72% of the NPC biopsies from European and North African patients. The Zser206 variant is found in a significantly lower percentage (p < 0.001) of other EBV-positive tissues from individuals in the same region (10-33%). In contrast, a 30-bp deletion is observed near the 3' end of the LMP1 gene in the majority of EBV (86%) from NPC and peripheral-blood cells from Asians, whereas a significantly lower percentage (p < 0.001) of NPC biopsies from European and North African patients (56%) have this deletion, as do lymphocytes from control individuals from the same region (36 and 55% respectively).

Africa, Northern↗

PubMed1998

Temporal and spatial regulation of gene expression mediated by the promoter for the human tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 (TIMP-3)-encoding gene.

A complex interplay between enzymes involved in extracellular matrix formation and their inhibitors is thought to control organogenesis during mammalian development. Disturbance of this balance may result in a wide range of diseases, including macular degeneration, arthritis, and tumor metastases. In order to define elements which may be involved in regulating human tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 (TIMP3) expression, we isolated and sequenced a clone containing 1315 bp of the 5'-upstream region of the human TIMP-3-encoding gene. A 1.2 kb fragment of this clone, which contains multiple motifs which are binding sites for known transcription factors, was used to drive expression of the lacZ reporter gene in multiple lines of transgenic mice. TIMP3 promoter activity, detected through beta-galactosidase histochemical assay, was observed at high levels in selected tissues, the identity of which varied according to developmental stage. TIMP3 promoter activity was detected at embryonic and early postnatal stages in tissues undergoing extensive remodeling, such as developing somites, bones and joints, choroid plexus, webs between the digits, and the spongiotrophoblastic portion of the placenta. In adulthood, TIMP3 promoter activity was restricted to a few tissues which exhibit high metabolic activity or rapid turnover. These include the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), cells of the kidney cortex, hair follicles, gingiva, ovarian follicles, and testis. The results suggest that TIMP3 expression plays an active role in developmental patterning and in the maintenance of specific differentiated tissues.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Synergistic effect of Epstein-Barr virus and tumor promoters on induction of lymphoma and carcinoma in nude mice.

Balb/c nude mice were subcutaneously transplanted with fetal nasopharyngeal mucosa infected with B95-8 Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). n-Butyrate and/or 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) were injected subcutaneously on the third day and once a week thereafter. About 10 days later, tumor masses gradually grew in these mice. Histopathological examination was carried out 15 weeks later. Three cases of lymphomas (two T cell lymphomas and one B cell lymphoma) were observed in the group receiving EBV and TPA, and one T cell lymphoma and three cases of undifferentiated carcinoma were found in the group receiving EBV, TPA and n-butyrate, but no case was found in the control groups that were transplanted with fetal nasopharyngeal tissue infected with EBV, or TPA and n-butyrate alone. Polymerase chain reaction amplification and in situ hybridization revealed that lymphoma and carcinoma cells contained the EBV LMP1 and EBERs genes. LMP1 protein was also found in the carcinoma. The T and B cell lymphomas and the nasopharyngeal carcinoma in nude mice were derived from human nasopharyngeal mucosa; this was proved by using human specific monoclonal antibodies to CD3 for T cells, to CD20 for B cells, and to epithelial membrane antigen for epithelial cells. Nucleotide sequence analysis indicated that the homologies of EBV LMP1 genes in the induced malignant lymphomas and undifferentiated carcinomas to the B95-8 cell gene were around 96% and 99% respectively. The results showed that EB virus can infect nasopharyngeal mucosa of the human fetus and consequently induce malignant transformation by the synergistic effect of the tumor promoters, and that EBV DNA can persist in the lymphomas and carcinomas.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Adenovirus-mediated delivery of rhodopsin-promoted bcl-2 results in a delay in photoreceptor cell death in the rd/rd mouse.

Gene transfer to retinal cells may provide a means to retard photoreceptor cell death and thus prevent blindness in diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa. We tested the possibility of interfering with apoptotic photoreceptor cell death in the rd mouse through subretinal delivery of a recombinant replication-defective adenovirus containing the human cDNA for bcl-2, Ad.2.5HRPbcl-2. Photoreceptor-specific transgene expression was accomplished through incorporation of the 2.5 kb human rhodopsin upstream fragment (HRP). Ad.2.5HRPbcl-2 was injected alone or in combination with Ad.CMVPDE beta. Ad.CMVPDE beta contains a cDNA encoding the beta subunit of cGMP phosphodiesterase (PDE beta). Recombinant viruses containing lacZ (driven either by the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter/enhancer or HRP) and of Ad.CMVPDE beta and vehicle alone were injected in contralateral eyes as control. Injection of Ad.2.5HRPbcl-2 in the rd mouse resulted in histologically detectable rescue lasting 6 weeks after birth. Extent of rescue was not as large as after delivery of wildtype PDE beta, the gene defective in the rd mouse. However, delivery of genes which prevent apoptotic cell death may have broad application to gene therapy of retinal degenerative diseases.

Adenoviridae↗

PubMed1998

Differential regulation of sugar-sensitive sucrose synthases by hypoxia and anoxia indicate complementary transcriptional and posttranscriptional responses

The goal of this research was to resolve the hypoxic and anoxic responses of maize (Zea mays) sucrose (Suc) synthases known to differ in their sugar regulation. The two maize Suc synthase genes, Sus1 and Sh1, both respond to sugar and O2, and recent work suggests commonalities between these signaling systems. Maize seedlings (NK508 hybrid, W22 inbred, and an isogenic sh1-null mutant) were exposed to anoxic, hypoxic, and aerobic conditions (0, 3, and 21% O2, respectively), when primary roots had reached approximately 5 cm. One-centimeter tips were excised for analysis during the 48-h treatments. At the mRNA level, Sus1 was rapidly up-regulated by hypoxia (approximately 5-fold in 6 h), whereas anoxia had less effect. In contrast, Sh1 mRNA abundance increased strongly under anoxia (approximately 5-fold in 24 h) and was much less affected by hypoxia. At the enzyme level, total Suc synthase activity rose rapidly under hypoxia but showed little significant change during anoxia. The contributions of SUS1 and SH1 activities to these responses were dissected over time by comparing the sh1-null mutant with the isogenic wild type (Sus+, Sh1+). Sh1-dependent activity contributed most markedly to a rapid protein-level response consistently observed in the first 3 h, and, subsequently, to a long-term change mediated at the level of mRNA accumulation at 48 h. A complementary midterm rise in SUS1 activity varied in duration with genetic background. These data highlight the involvement of distinctly different genes and probable signal mechanisms under hypoxia and anoxia, and together with earlier work, show parallel induction of "feast and famine" Suc synthase genes by hypoxia and anoxia, respectively. In addition, complementary modes of transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation are implicated by these data, and provide a mechanism for sequential contributions from the Sus1 and Sh1 genes during progressive onset of naturally occurring low-O2 events.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1998

[Infection of sexually transmitted diseases in female patients with inflammation of genitourinary tract by polymerase chain reaction].

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) from 5899 female out-patients with inflammation of genitourinary tract was detected. Among 18.57% positive cases, the effective rates of the gonorrhea (26.07%) and urethritis (23.73%) were higher than those of the Condyloma acuminatum (CA) (17.73%), vaginitis (17.70%), and cervicitis (11.54%)(P< 0.01), indicating that there were various degrees of NG infection in genitourinary tract diseases. Moreover, Ureaplasma urealyticum (UU), Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), NG, and human papilloma viruses (HPV) were also detected in 8329 patients with vaginitis. Among 20.01% positive cases, the positive rate of UU was 39.95%, CT 21.36%, NG 17.70%, and HPV 16.40%. Variance analysis showed that significant differences existed in the vaginitis caused by different pathogens ( P <0.01); namely, four kinds of pathogens were present in the patients with vaginitis.

Adult↗