[Oral adsorbent for therapy of chronic kidney failure].
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Administration, Oral↗
Biomedical subjects
Y Yamane
Publications and source records attributed to Y Yamane.
Different distribution of cadmium in the liver supernatant between in vivo and in vitro.
Distribution of cadmium (Cd) in liver supernatant was examined by gel filtration chromatography after injecting Cd intravenously into female Wistar rats and also by adding Cd in vitro into the control supernatant. Supernatants were analyzed on an HPLC Asahipak GST-520 column and on-line ICP (inductively coupled argon plasma-atomic emission spectrometer) analysis of the eluate (HPLC-ICP). The relative intensity of the three main Cd-associated peaks changed with time after injection of Cd into rats. The three peaks were tentatively assigned as Cd-binding protein-I and -II (Cd-BP-I and -II) and metallothionein (MT) in the order of respective elution from the column. Relative affinities of Cd for the three peaks were determined by injecting different doses of Cd into rats as follows: MT greater than Cd-BP-II greater than Cd-BP-I. Cd-BP-II was assigned as the major Cd-BP other than MT in the liver supernatant and it contained zinc that can be replaced by Cd. Comparison between the in vivo and in vitro Cd distributions indicated that the former distribution is not reproducible under any in vitro conditions examined and the latter distribution is dependent mostly upon incubation temperature.
Animals↗
Binding of cadmium to alcohol dehydrogenase in the liver before induction of metallothionein.
The cadmium-binding protein (Cd-BP) with the highest affinity to Cd other than metallothionein (MT) is assumed to be the target molecule for the toxicity of Cd and one of the major zinc (Zn)-containing proteins in the liver supernatant of rats has been identified as the Cd-BP before induction of MT. In the present study the Zn-containing Cd-BP was assumed to be alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) from the similarity in several characteristic properties such as molecular size, isoelectric point, Zn content and enzyme activity. Zn bound to non-active site in ADH was replaced with Cd both in vivo and in vitro. Cd bound to ADH to an extent more than the replacement in vitro and the enzyme activity was decreased in vitro by Cd. However, the ADH enzyme activity was not affected in vivo despite the replacement of Zn with Cd and binding of Cd to ADH. This difference was explained by the weaker affinity of Cd to the active site than the other binding sites for Cd in other high molecular weight proteins. The result also suggested that ADH sequesters Cd temporally before induction of MT and reduces the toxicity of Cd without being affected its enzyme activity and that the target molecules for the toxicity are other Cd-BPs.
Alcohol Dehydrogenase↗
Preventive effect of zinc against cadmium-induced bone resorption.
The effects of cadmium and zinc on bone resorption were investigated using fetal mouse calvaria organ culture. Cadmium treatment (0.5 microM) stimulated bone resorption in fetal mouse calvaria via prostaglandin E2 production. Concomitant treatment of zinc with cadmium prevented bone resorption by cadmium in a dose-dependent manner of zinc. The zinc treatment also prevented the stimulation of prostaglandin E2 production by cadmium. ID50 of zinc for bone resorption showed high similarity to that for prostaglandin E2 production (1.2 microM and 1.6 microM, respectively). To simplify the system, we used osteoclast-enriched and osteoblast-enriched cell populations obtained from mice calvariae by collagenase digestion method. Prostaglandin E2 was produced in osteoblast-enriched cell culture more than in osteoclast-enriched cell culture. Cadmium stimulated prostaglandin E2 production in osteoblast-enriched cell culture, but not in osteoclast-enriched cell culture. Zinc also prevented the stimulatory effect of cadmium on prostaglandin E2 production in osteoblast-enriched cell culture. Zinc partially, but significantly, inhibited cadmium-accumulation in both calvaria and osteoblast-enriched cell culture. These results strongly suggest that zinc prevents cadmium-induced prostaglandin E2 production and bone resorption through the interaction between the two metals on osteoblasts involved in the inhibition of cadmium-accumulation.
Animals↗
Protective effect of sodium molybdate against the acute toxicity of cadmium chloride.
Pretreatment of rats with Na2MoO4 (1.24 mmol/kg, once a day for 3 days, i.p.) partially protected them against the acute toxicity of CdCl2 (0.075 mmol/kg, once, s.c., 24 h after pretreatment with Na2MoO4). The survival number of rats per total number of rats in the CdCl2-dosed group was 10/10, 8/10, 6/10, 2/10 and 0/10 on 0, 1, 2, 6 and 18 days after treatment with CdCl2 whereas in the group where CdCl2 is given after pretreatment with Na2MoO4 it is 10/10 and 6/10 on 0 and 18 days. The body weight of CdCl2-dosed rats consistently decreased until their death while that of Na2MoO4-CdCl2-dosed rats similarly decreased up to 4 days after exposure to CdCl2 but then increased almost normally. In order to elucidate the mechanism of protective action of Na2MoO4 against the acute toxicity of CdCl2, cellular components such as DNA, inorganic cations and metallothionein were measured in the liver after exposure to CdCl2. The treatment with CdCl2 alone reduced K content and increased Ca content but pretreatment with Na2MoO4 prevented such alterations in the levels of those cations caused by CdCl2. Metallothionein content in the liver was significantly elevated in the CdCl2-treated groups as compared to saline controls although the protein content was higher in the Na2MoO4-CdCl2-dosed group than in the CdCl2-dosed group. There was no difference in the protein content of the liver between saline controls and the Na2MoO4-dosed group. This suggests that Na2MoO4 alleviated the acute toxicity of CdCl2 in the rat and the protective mechanism by the metal is in part related to the enhancement of liver Cd-metallothionein induction.
Animals↗
Promoting effect of basic lead acetate administration on the tumorigenesis of lung in N-nitrosodimethylamine-treated mice.
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Animals↗
Protective effect of sodium molybdate against the acute toxicity of mercuric chloride in rat. VI. The mechanism of stimulative action of sodium molybdate on urinary excretion of mercury.
In order to gain further insight into the protective action of Na2MoO4 pretreatment (1.24 mmol/kg, once a day, i.p.) against the acute toxicity of HgCl2 (30 mummol/mmol/kg, once, s.c.), changes of renal function, tissue accumulation of mercury, and urinary excretions of mercury and phenolsulfonphthalein after exposure to HgCl2 were investigated. Lactate content in the kidney and serum calcium were also measured. Na2MoO4 pretreatment enhanced urinary excretion of mercury. Renal function of Na2MoO4-pretreated rats was better maintained as compared to that of the rats given HgCl2 alone at either dose (30 or 15 mumol/kg) although the metal content in the kidney of this group was almost the same as that of the latter HgCl2-alone rats. This pretreatment prevented the rise in lactate content in the kidney and the reduction of urinary excretion of phenolsulfonphthalein caused by HgCl2, Na2MoO4 reduced serum calcium. These results suggest that Na2MoO4 prevented mercury-induced acute renal failure by decreasing tissue accumulation of the metal through urinary excretion of mercury. Better renal hemodynamics attributable to hypocalcemia may be a causative factor in the enhancement of urinary excretion of mercury.
Animals↗
Cadmium stimulates prostaglandin E2 synthesis in osteoblast-like cells, MC3T3-E1.
The effect of Cd on prostaglandin E2 production in osteoblasts was studied using cloned osteoblast-like cells, MC3T3-E1, which were established from new-born mouse calvaria. Treatment of the cells with Cd caused a dose- (0-10 microM) and time- (0-24 h) dependent increase in the release of prostaglandin E2 from the cells into the culture medium. A lag time of 4 h was required for the onset of the phenomenon. The release of [14C]arachidonic acid from prelabeled cell membrane was little influenced by the Cd treatment, while conversion of [14C]arachidonic acid to prostaglandin E2 by the homogenate of the cells treated with Cd was enhanced as compared to that by untreated cells. The stimulatory effect of Cd on prostaglandin E2 production was abolished in the presence of cycloheximide (100 ng/ml). By Western blot analysis with polyclonal rabbit anti-cyclooxygenase antibody, it was revealed that Cd treatment augmented the amount of immunoreactive cyclooxygenase in the cells. These results strongly suggest that Cd stimulates prostaglandin E2 production through the induction of cyclooxygenase in MC3T3-E1 cells. This effect of Cd may be involved in the mechanisms of Cd-induced bone injury.
Animals↗
Cadmium stimulates prostaglandin E2 production and bone resorption in cultured fetal mouse calvaria.
The effect of cadmium on bone resorption was studied using isolated fetal mouse calvaria. Cadmium stimulated bone resorption and PGE2 production in a dose-dependent manner. The minimal concentration of cadmium which stimulated bone resorption was the same as that stimulated prostaglandin E2 production. The stimulatory effects of cadmium (0.5 microM) on bone resorption and prostaglandin E2 production were completely inhibited by indomethacin. Exogenously added PGE2 (100ng/ml) abolished the inhibitory effect of indomethacin on bone resorption stimulated by cadmium. These results strongly indicate that cadmium stimulates bone resorption via prostaglandin E2 mediated mechanism.
Animals↗
Improvement of palmoplantar keratoderma of nonhereditary type (eczema tyloticum) after oral administration of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.
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Administration, Oral↗
Scanning electron microscopic study of four Diphyllobothrium species.
Three-dimensional observation was carried out on plerocercoids and adults of Diphyllobothrium dendriticum, D. ditremum, D. latum, and D. vogeli using scanning electron microscopy. The species-specific differences between plerocercoids were recognized in the shapes of the whole body, scolex, and bothrium and the wrinkle pattern on the body surface. The differences between adult worms were also observed in the shapes of the scolex, neck, and genital papillae around the genital pore and the pattern on the egg surface. The significance of species specificity in the three-dimensional morphology of diphyllobothriid cestodes is briefly discussed.
Animals↗
Ultrasonographic measurement of thoracic diameters of the early gestating fetus.
Eighty-two ultrasonographic examinations were performed on 60 of our pregnant patients with regular menstrual cycles and no complications. The pregnancies ranged from 7 to 13 weeks of gestation. Thoracic anteroposterior diameter (ETAPD), transverse diameter (ETTD), cross-sectional area (ETA) and crown-rump length (CRL) were measured on each ultrasonogram. A high correlation between CRL and gestational age was firstly confirmed in this study. ETAPD, ETTD and ETA correlated well with the gestational age and CRL, respectively. Correlations between ETAPD/CRL and ETTD/CRL ratios with the gestational age were negative. A positive correlation of ETA/CRL ratio with the gestational age was evident. Ultrasonographic measurement of the thoracic diameters of the fetus in utero should be a useful parameter to evaluate the gestational age and for early detection of growth retardation in utero.
Embryonic and Fetal Development↗
New perspectives for diagnosis of nodular goiter by technetium-thallium subtraction scanning.
To improve the scintigraphic differential diagnosis of thyroid nodules, Tc-99m pertechnetate-Tl-201 Cl subtraction scintigraphy (Tc-Tl subtraction scanning) was performed in 106 patients with various histologically proven thyroid nodules. Results were evaluated by comparison with surgical findings and preoperative ultrasonographic results. Thyroid nodules were more successfully detected by Tc-Tl subtraction scanning than by either Tc-99m pertechnetate or Tl-201 Cl scintigraphy alone. Detection of nodules was further improved when images recorded by the three methods were integrally observed (sensitivity 83%, accuracy 89%), with detectability approaching that of ultrasonography. False-positive or -negative Tc-Tl subtraction scans were obtained principally when multiple nodules were present (7 cases) or when no discrepancy existed between the accumulations of Tc-99m pertechnetate and Tl-201 Cl (18 cases). Most colloid nodules exhibited irregular margins, heterogeneous internal accumulations of Tl-201 Cl, and distorted shapes on Tc-Tl subtraction scans, while the majority of adenoma were oval-shaped with smooth margins. Carcinoma were characterized by homogeneous internal accumulation of Tl-201 Cl and distorted shapes.
Diagnosis, Differential↗
Characterization of bullous pemphigoid antigen synthesized by cultured human squamous cell carcinoma cells.
This report concerns the characterization of bullous pemphigoid antigen (BPA) in cultured cells derived from a human squamous cell carcinoma (SCC cells) as identified by sera of 9 patients with bullous pemphigoid (BP). Immunoglobulin G from 5 of 9 BP sera bound the cell surfaces of SCC cells with a punctate staining pattern by immunofluorescence. The other four BP sera and all 12 controls sera showed no specific staining. To characterize the antigen for pemphigoid antibody, we immunoprecipitated NP-40 extracts of cells labeled with [14C] amino acids using nine BP sera and 12 controls sera. These immunoprecipitates were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by fluorography. The five BP sera that gave positive immunofluorescence results also precipitated a protein with molecular weight (mol wt) of 110 kD, whereas the other four BP sera negative by immunofluorescence and all 12 controls sera did not precipitate this protein. These results indicate that the sera of patients with BP contain antibodies against the protein with mol wt 110 kD in the SCC cells used in this study. With use of four BP sera, two of which were positive to this mol wt 110 kD BPA and two of which were negative, immunoprecipitation was carried out in Pam cells. One 110 kD-positive serum and two 110 kD-negative sera, precipitated a BPA of mol wt 220 kD from Pam cells labeled with [35S] methionine. These results suggest that BP sera may recognize more than one antigen, in addition to possible BPA heterogeneity in different individuals.
Antigens↗
A case of tick-bite from Ixodes ovatus Neumann--a report from west Japan.
A 70-year-old male forestation worker had a tick-bite on the lower abdominal skin. The bite was treated by surgical excision of the tick together with the surrounding skin. The tick was identified as Ixodes ovatus Neumann through investigation of its morphological characteristics. This patient is the fourth case of a tick-bite from Ixodes ovatus Neumann in western Japan.
Aged↗
Absent effect of plasma vasopressin on rat brain blood flow during hemorrhage.
We investigated whether a reflex increase in plasma vasopressin level due to hemorrhagic hypotension affects brain blood flow. In 60 lightly anesthetized, artificially ventilated rats, the flow was determined with radiolabeled microspheres. We found excellent maintenance of blood flow throughout all brain regions during the hypotensive state (71 mmHg on average), and such maintenance of flow was not modulated at all by a supramaximal intravenous dose of the selective vasopressin V1-receptor antagonist [d(CH2)5 Tyr-(Me)]AVP. The latter finding also implies that the V1 antagonist failed to unmask the vasodilator type actions of V2 receptors on the maintenance of flow during hemorrhagic hypotension. These were true also when the cervical sympathetic bundles were severed bilaterally. The plasma level of endogenous vasopressin was increased during hypotension, ranging from 118 to 973 pg/ml. Despite this increase, the brain blood flow was entirely independent of the plasma vasopressin level in all the brain regions studied. We conclude that the brain circulation of rats can maintain its blood flow during hemorrhagic hypotension without any apparent contribution from a concomitant reflex increase in plasma vasopressin. Despite our negative results for the brain blood flow, the possible segmental effects of circulating vasopressin on the brain arterial caliber remain to be clarified under conditions of hemorrhagic hypotension.
Animals↗
Abnormally high values of CA 125 and CA 19-9 in women with benign tumors.
Tumor markers have proved to be generally useful for diagnosing and monitoring malignancy. In contrast, high levels of tumor markers disturb us for differing benign disease from malignancy. We had 5 cases with benign disease who showed high values of tumor markers (CA 125 and CA 19-9). In this report, we illustrated 3 patients with endometriosis who showed high values of CA 125 and 2 patients with dermoid cyst who showed high values of CA 19-9. It was impossible to rule out malignant disease in all cases preoperatively. In diagnosing ovarian tumors, bimanual examination, ultrasound, CT scan and tumor markers should all be considered.
Adult↗
Preventive effects of zinc on cadmium-induced inhibition of alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralization activity in osteoblast-like cells, MC3T3-E1.
In order to determine the specific action of cadmium on bone metabolism, the effect of cadmium on alkaline phosphatase activity, a marker enzyme of osteoblasts, was compared with that of other divalent heavy metal ions, i.e., zinc, manganese, lead, copper, nickel and mercury (10 microM each), using cloned osteoblast-like cells, MC3T3-E1. Cadmium had the strongest inhibitory effect on alkaline phosphatase activity of the cells among the metals tested. At the same dose, however, cadmium failed to inhibit cellular glucose-6-phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase activities, suggesting that the inhibitory effect of cadmium on alkaline phosphatase was specific and was not dependent on cell injury. Cadmium treatment caused a significant decrease in cellular zinc level, but mercury treatment had no such effect at the dose inhibiting alkaline phosphatase activity. There was a good correlation between decrease of cellular zinc level and inhibition of alkaline phosphatase activity in cadmium-treated cells. Concomitant treatment of the cells with zinc prevented the cadmium-induced inhibition of alkaline phosphatase activity. However, this was not the case in the mercury-induced inhibition. Cadmium also inhibited the mineralization of osteoblasts. When 10 or 20 microM zinc was concomitantly added to the cultures, the inhibition of mineralization was prevented. These data suggest that the inhibitory effect of cadmium in osteoblasts may be closely related to its influence on the cellular zinc metabolism.
Alkaline Phosphatase↗