Biomedical subjects

Y Tsuruta

Publications and source records attributed to Y Tsuruta.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2001

Differentiation of monocytes into multinucleated giant bone-resorbing cells: two-step differentiation induced by nurse-like cells and cytokines.

Bone resorption in the joints is the characteristic finding in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Osteoclast-like cells are present in the synovial tissues and invade the bone of patients with RA. The characteristics of these cells are not completely known. In the work reported here, we generated these cells from peripheral-blood monocytes from healthy individuals. The monocytes were co-cultured with nurse-like cells from synovial tissues of patients with RA (RA-NLCs). Within 5 weeks of culture, the monocytes were activated and differentiated into mononuclear cells positive for CD14 and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP). These mononuclear cells then differentiated into multinucleated giant bone-resorbing cells after stimulation with IL-3, IL-5, IL-7, and/or granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating factor. TRAP-positive cells with similar characteristics were found in synovial fluid from patients with RA. These results indicate that multinucleated giant bone-resorbing cells are generated from monocytes in two steps: first, RA-NLCs induce monocytes to differentiate into TRAP-positive mononuclear cells, which are then induced by cytokines to differentiate into multinucleated giant bone-resorbing cells.

Acid Phosphatase↗

PubMed2001

Fluorometric determination of N-terminal prolyl dipeptides, proline and hydroxyproline in human serum by pre-column high-performance liquid chromatography using 4-(5,6-dimethoxy-2-phthalimidinyl)-2-methoxyphenylsufonyl chloride.

A highly sensitive HPLC method for the determination of prolyl dipeptides, Pro and Hyp in serum was developed. After deproteinization of serum and pretreatment with o-phthalaldehyde, the analytes were derivatized with 4-(5,6-dimethoxy-2-phthalimidinyl)-2-methoxyphenylsulfonyl chloride at 70 degrees C for 10 min. The fluorescent derivatives of prolyl dipeptides, Pro and Hyp, were separated on tandem reversed-phase columns by a gradient elution at 55 degrees C and detected by fluorescence measured at 318 nm (excitation) and 392 nm (emission). The detection limits for prolyl dipeptides were 2-5 fmol/injection (S/N=3). Pro-Hyp, Pro-Gly and Pro-Pro were identified as serum prolyl dipeptides. The within-day and between-day relative standard deviations were 1.5-7.9 and 2.4-10.8%, respectively. The recoveries were in the range of 90.8-97.3%. The concentrations of Pro-Hyp, Pro-Gly, Pro-Pro, Pro and Hyp in normal human serum (n = 10) were 0.64+/-0.35, 0.078+/-0.047, 0.022+/-0.016, 177.0+/-43.0 and 11.1+/-3.5 microM, respectively. The concentrations of Pro-Hyp and Pro-Pro in serum of a patient with bone metastases of prostatic cancer were about three times and 50 times, respectively, higher than those in normal human serum.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗

PubMed2001

Human ovarian surface epithelial (OSE) cells express LH/hCG receptors, and hCG inhibits apoptosis of OSE cells via up-regulation of insulin-like growth factor-1.

Gonadotropins including luteinizing hormone (LH) or human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) have been implicated as playing an important role in the development of epithelial ovarian carcinomas, most of which are believed to originate from the ovarian surface epithelium (OSE). To address this issue, we examined the expression of LH/hCG receptors and the influence of hCG on cell proliferation and on the apoptosis of cultured human OSE cells. RT-PCR and binding assay revealed that OSE cells express the LH/hCG receptor mRNA and have specific binding activity for hCG. Treatment with hCG stimulated the proliferation of OSE cells in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, hCG treatment inhibited the apoptosis of OSE cells induced by serum deprivation. Among the apoptosis-related genes, hCG treatment did not change the mRNA levels of bcl-2, bax and IGF-1 receptor but significantly increased that of IGF-1. Treatment with IGF-1 alone also suppressed the apoptosis of OSE cells, and treatment by hCG along with neutralization antibody against IGF-1 receptor reversed the anti-apoptotic effect of hCG. Accordingly, LH/hCG signaling followed by up-regulation of IGF-1 is involved in the inhibition of apoptosis of OSE cells, the possible histogenetic origin of epithelial ovarian carcinomas.

Apoptosis↗

PubMed2001

Expression of the lysosome-associated membrane proteins in myopathies with rimmed vacuoles.

Lysosome-associated membrane proteins (LAMPs) are structural glycoproteins located on the lysosomal membrane and are thought to have an important role in protein degradation. Increased lysosomal activity is associated with the formation of rimmed vacuoles, which are observed in various muscle disorders such as inclusion body myositis (IBM) and distal myopathy with rimmed vacuole (DMRV). In the present study, we examined LAMP-1 and LAMP-2 in biopsied muscle specimens from four cases of sporadic IBM and two of DMRV, as well as six of myopathies without rimmed vacuoles. In all cases of IBM and DMRV, immunohistochemistry showed accumulation of LAMPs in the rimmed vacuoles and the subsarcolemmal portion of the vacuolated fibers. Immunoreactivities of LAMPs in the vacuolated fibers were often associated with those of cathepsin D; however, cathepsin D was not expressed on some LAMP-positive fibers. Further, atrophic muscle fibers were sometimes positive for LAMPs expression. These findings were more prominent in LAMP-2 than in LAMP-1. Thus, LAMP-2 may play an important role in the increased protein degradation in diseased muscle fibers. The increased expression of LAMPs in the vacuolated muscle fibers may be associated with the formation of rimmed vacuoles in IBM and DMRV.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Krukenberg tumor from an occult appendiceal adenocarcinoid: a case report and review of the literature.

Appendiceal neoplasms with ovarian metastasis are rare. A 35-year-old woman with a left ovarian tumor underwent left salpingo-oophorectomy, partial resection of the right ovary, and a total hysterectomy. Pathological diagnosis of both ovaries was typical, Krukenberg tumor with signet-ring cells, and the second laparotomy revealed an occult appendiceal tumor to be the primary lesion. The appendix showed no evidence of malignant change of the mucosa, but the tumor cells were observed infiltrating from the basiglandular region into the underlying stroma, associated with mucocele. Although, argentaffin and argyrophil staining were negative, a few tumor cells showed immunohistochemical positivity for Chromogranin A. Accordingly, the tumor was diagnosed as adenocarcinoid rather than adenocarcinoma of the appendix. A review of the literature showed less than 40 cases of metastatic ovarian tumor from appendiceal primary, one-third of which were occult and could be detected at the second laparotomy. Cisplatin-based chemotherapy may have partial effect in the treatment of patient with adenocarcinoid tumor.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Combination effect of adenovirus-mediated pro-apoptotic bax gene transfer with cisplatin or paclitaxel treatment in ovarian cancer cell lines.

To develop a novel therapeutic strategy for ovarian cancer, we constructed a recombinant adenovirus which highly expresses pro-apoptotic Bax protein and examined its therapeutic effect on a series of ovarian cancer cell lines: A2780, A2780/cDDP, OVCAR-3 and SK-OV-3. A recombinant adenovirus carrying the Bax-alpha gene (AxCALNKYbax) induced high expression of the Bax-alpha protein in all the cell lines. The cytotoxic effect of Bax was observed in three ovarian cancer cell lines: the per cent reduction in the number of cells was 40.0% for cisplatin-sensitive A2780, 50.0% for cisplatin-resistant A2780/cDDP, and 64.8% for marginally cisplatin-resistant OVCAR-3. In contrast, it was only 12.3% for cisplatin-resistant SK-OV-3. Cisplatin-resistant A2780/cDDP had a p53 mutation and exhibited attenuated Bax induction after cisplatin treatment, which may explain why supplementation of Bax was effective in this chemoresistant ovarian cancer. Combination with cisplatin or paclitaxel enhanced the cytotoxic effect of Bax induction in all but one cell line including cisplatin-resistant A2780/cDDP. It appears that adenovirus-mediated Bax induction, with or without combination with conventional chemotherapy, useful strategy for the treatment of ovarian cancer.

Adenoviridae↗

PubMed2001

Extensive clonal expansion of T lymphocytes causes contracted diversity of complementarity-determining region 3 and skewed T cell receptor repertoires after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation.

We previously described skewed repertoires of the T cell receptor-beta chain variable region (TCRBV) and the TCR-alpha chain variable region (TCRAV) soon after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. To determine the characteristics of skewed TCRBV after transplantation, we examined the clonality of T lymphocytes carrying skewed TCRBV subfamilies and determined the CDR3 sequences of expanded T cell clones. In all 11 recipients examined, TCR repertoires were skewed, with an increase of certain TCRBV subfamilies that differed among individuals. In nine of 11 patients, clonal/oligoclonal T cell expansion was observed, although the expanded T cells were not necessarily oligoclonal. The extent of expansion after transplantation appeared to predict clonality. The arginine (R)-X-X-glycine (G) sequence was identified in clonally expanded T cells from four of five recipients examined, and glutamic acid (E), aspartic acid (D) and alanine (A) were frequently inserted between R and G. These results suggest that T lymphocyte expansion may result from the response to antigens widely existing in humans, and that the extensive clonal expansion of a limited number of T cells leads to contracted CDR3 diversity and post-transplant skewed TCR repertoires.

Clone Cells↗

PubMed2001

Identification of the T cell clones expanding within both CD8(+)CD28(+) and CD8(+)CD28(-) T cell subsets in recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic cell grafts and its implication in post-transplant skewing of T cell receptor repertoire.

We have previously reported that skewed repertoires of T cell receptor-beta chain variable region (TCRBV) and TCR-alpha chain variable region (TCRAV) are observed at an early period after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Furthermore, we found that T lymphocytes using TCRBV24S1 were increased in 28% of the recipients of allogeneic grafts and an increase of TCRBV24S1 usage was shown to result from clonal expansions. Interestingly, the arginine residue was frequently present at the 3' terminal of BV24S1 segment and was followed by an acidic amino acid residue within the CDR3 region. These results suggest that these clonally expanded T cells are not randomly selected, but are expanded by stimulation with specific antigens. This study was undertaken to elucidate the mechanisms of the post-transplant skewing of TCR repertoires. Since the CD8(+)CD28(-)CD57(+) T cell subset has been reported to expand in the peripheral blood of patients receiving allogeneic hematopoietic cell grafts, we examined the TCRAV and TCRBV repertoires of the CD8(+)CD28(-) T cell and CD8(+)CD28(+) T cell subsets, and also determined the clonality of both T cell populations. In all three recipients examined, the CD8(+)CD28(-) T cell subset appeared to define the post-transplant TCR repertoire of circulating blood T cells. Moreover, the CDR3 length of TCRBV imposed constraints in both CD8(+)CD28(-) T cell and CD8(+)CD28(+) T cell subsets. The DNA sequences of the CDR3 region were determined, and the same clones were identified within both CD8(+)CD28(-) and CD8(+)CD28(+) T cell subsets in the same individuals. These results suggest that the clonally expanded CD8(+)CD28(-) T cells after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation derive from the CD8(+)CD28(+) T cell subset, possibly by an antigen-driven mechanism, resulting in the skewed TCR repertoire.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2001

Oligoclonal expansion of CD4(+)CD28(-) T lymphocytes in recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic cell grafts and identification of the same T cell clones within both CD4(+)CD28(+) and CD4(+)CD28(-) T cell subsets.

Recipients of allogeneic bone marrow grafts have clonally expanded CD8(+)CD28(-) T lymphocytes during the early period after transplantation, which leads to skewing of T cell receptor (TCR) repertoires. Here, we have addressed the question of whether clonal expansion of CD28(-) T cells is also observed in CD4(+) T lymphocytes after human allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. We found that the fraction of T cells lacking CD28 expression in the CD4(+) subset was increased after transplantation, and expanded CD4(+)CD28(-) T lymphocytes carrying certain TCRBV subfamilies showed limited TCR diversity. In order to further study the ontogeny of CD4(+)CD28(-) T cells, we analyzed the complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) of the TCR-beta chain of CD4(+)CD28(+) and CD4(+)CD28(-) cells. We identified the same T cell clones within both CD4(+)CD28(-) and CD4(+)CD28(+) T cell subsets. These results suggest that both subsets are phenotypic variants of the same T cell lineage.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2001

Autopsy case of autosomal recessive hereditary spastic paraplegia with reference to the muscular pathology.

An autopsied case of autosomal recessive hereditary spastic paraplegia with severe neurogenic muscular atrophy is described herein. This patient, a 16-year-old woman, presented with gait disturbance. She developed progressive spastic paralysis of the upper and lower limbs and mental deterioration. She became bedridden at approximately 40years of age. Dysarthria worsened at 45 years of age. She died of pneumonia at 50 years of age. Her younger sister has shown similar clinical symptoms and became bedridden at 37 years of age. Their parents were second cousins. Autopsy revealed a severely atrophic brain, weighing 720 g. The cerebral cortex was thin, and the white matter was extremely reduced in volume. Microscopically, neuronal loss and variable astrogliosis with diffuse spongy changes were evident at the cerebral cortex, thalamic nuclei, basal ganglia and hippocampus. The remaining neurons were atrophied with heavy deposition of lipofuscin. In the spinal cord, the pyramidal tracts as well as the dorsal spinocerebellar tracts were degenerated. In addition, marked loss of the anterior horn cells was seen. Severe neuronal loss of the nucleus gracilis was also detected. In contrast, only mild degeneration of the ventral spinocerebellar tracts and fasciulus cuneatus in the spinal cord were observed. In the frozen sections of skeletal muscle, severe neurogenic atrophy and fatty infiltration were evident. In addition, several rimmed vacuoles were observed in the atrophic fibers, and cytochrome coxidase-deficient fibers were present in part. Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)-tetrazolium reductase reaction revealed abnormal accumulation of mitochondria around the center of the non-atrophic muscle fibers. It is suggested that an analysis of mitochondrial function of Japanese autosomal recessive hereditary spastic hemiplegia may provide additional information to clarify the pathogenesis.

ATPases Associated with Diverse Cellular Activitie↗

PubMed2001

Hypoleptinemia, but not hypoinsulinemia, induces hyperphagia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

To assess the dominance between hypoinsulinemia and hypoleptinemia as factors in the development of hyperphagia in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes mellitus (STZ-DM) rodents with respect to hormone-neuropeptide interactions, changes in gene expression of agouti gene-related protein (AGRP) in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus were investigated using STZ-DM rats, fasting Zucker fa/fa rats and STZ-DM agouti (STZ-DM A(y)/a) mice. AGRP mRNA and neuropeptide Y mRNA were both significantly up-regulated in STZ-DM rats, which are associated with body weight loss, hyperglycemia, hypoinsulinemia and hypoleptinemia. We proceeded to analyze whether insulin or leptin played the greater role in the regulation of AGRP using Zucker fa/fa rats. The AGRP mRNA did not differ significantly between fasted fa/fa rats, which have both leptin-insensitivity and hypoinsulinemia, and fed Zuckers, which have leptin-insensitivity and hyperinsulinemia. We further found that up-regulation of AGRP expression was normalized by infusion of leptin into the third cerebroventricle (i3vt), but not by i3vt infusion of insulin, although up-regulation of AGRP was partially corrected by systemic insulin infusion. The latter finding supports hypoleptinemia as a key-modulator of STZ-DM-induced hyperphagia because systemic insulin infusion, at least partially, restored hypoleptinemia through its acceleration of fat deposition, as demonstrated by the partial recovery of lost body weight. After STZ-DM induction, A(y)/a mice whose melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4-R) was blocked by ectopic expression of agouti protein additionally accelerated hyperphagia and up-regulated AGRP mRNA, implying that the mechanism is triggered by a leptin deficit rather than by the main action of the message through MC4-R. Hypoleptinemia, but not hypoinsulinemia per se, thus develops hyperphagia in STZ-DM rodents. These results are very much in line with evidence that hypothalamic neuropeptides are potently regulated by leptin as downstream targets of its actions.

Agouti Signaling Protein↗

PubMed2001

Effects of L-carnitine supplementation on renal anemia in poor responders to erythropoietin.

While renal anemia can be successfully treated by use of erythropoietin (EPO) in most hemodialysis (HD) patients, some patients have anemia that is refractory to treatment with a high dose of EPO. We examined whether L-carnitine treatment could raise hematocrit (Hct) levels in such patients. Fourteen HD patients who showed a poor response to EPO and no evident factors which inhibit a response to EPO were selected to receive oral L-carnitine (500 mg/day) in a 3-month trial. During the study, 36% of the patients showed Hct increases of more than 2%. Statistical analysis revealed significant increases of Hct (p = 0.003) and total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) (p = 0.050) and a significant decrease of ferritin (p = 0.005). In addition, we found that red blood cells (RBCs) in HD patients contained a comparable level of carnitine to normal controls, despite the presence of serum carnitine deficiency, and that RBC carnitine was not removed through HD, in contrast to serum carnitine. These results suggest that RBC carnitine may be essential for RBCs to perform their metabolic function in renal anemia and that oral L-carnitine treatment could improve anemia in poor responders to EPO.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

[Pyomyositis].

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Diagnosis, Differential↗

PubMed2001

Inclusion body myositis associated with hepatitis C virus infection.

Inclusion body myositis (IBM) is a chronic progressive inflammatory myopathy in elders. Three patients with chronic hepatitis C developed IBM. Their muscle biopsies were examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for two patients and immunohistochemistry for three patients. The hepatitis C virus (HCV)-RNA genome was detected in one of the two patients. The degenerated and atrophic muscle fibers were immunoreactive for an anti-HCV antibody in all three patients. Immunoreactivity for an anti-HCV antibody was not apparent in the muscle specimen from an IBM patient without HCV infection. Our findings suggest that HCV infection is related to the pathogenesis in some cases of IBM.

Aged↗

PubMed2001

[A patient with vitamin E deficient, myopathy presenting with amyotrophy].

We report a 61-year-old man with vitamin E deficiency, presenting with, myopathy as an only clinical symptom. In 1997, at 59 years of age, he noted mild proxymal-muscle weakness and atrophy in the four extremities, nine years after he received a Billroth II partial gastrectomy for a gastric ulcer. His muscle weakness slowly exacerbated, and he was admitted to our hospital in 1999. On admission, neurological examination confirmed mild proximal-muscle weakness and atrophy in the four extremities. Intelligence, cranial nerves, coordination, sensation and tendon reflexes were all normal. Laboratory examination showed normochromic anemia (Hb 9.9 g/dl, Ht 30.9%, MCV 97.5 fl, MCHC 31.2 pg), hypoproteinemia (5.0 g/dl), and hypocholesterolemia (107 mg/dl). The levels of serum CK, lactate and pyruvate were normal. The serum vitamin E level was markedly reduced (0.17 mg/dl; normal 0.75-1.41). Cerebrospinal fluid was normal. Nerve conduction, sensory evoked potentials (SEP), electromyography (EMG), head CT and electroencephalography (EEG) were all normal. Muscle biopsy from the right deltoid muscle showed both mild myogenic and neurogenic changes. Remarkably, type 1 muscle fiber predominance and granular accumulation of autofluorescent lipofuscin granules in the muscle fibers were found. These pathological findings were compatible with those of vitamin E-deficient myopathy. Thus, he was diagnosed as having vitamin E-deficient myopathy, which was confirmed by apparent effective supplementation of vitamin E. Interestingly, our present case did not show any other neurological manifestations such as deep sensory disturbance, sensory ataxia or polyneuropathy. A long-term workload due to hard physical labor and smoking in our patient may have accelerated oxidative muscle damage, resulting in amyotrophy mainly due to vitamin E deficient myopathy.

Gastrectomy↗

PubMed2000

Molecular cloning of rat brain mitochondrial carrier protein-1 cDNA and its up-regulation during postnatal development.

Brain mitochondrial carrier protein-1 (BMCP1), a new member of the mitochondrial uncoupling carrier, has been shown to be expressed predominantly in the brain of the mice and humans. We cloned rat BMCP1 cDNA and investigated its mRNA level during postnatal development and under various metabolic conditions. The nucleotide sequence of the cDNA revealed that rat BMCP1 protein was composed of 322 amino acid residues, and was 99 and 96% identical to the mouse and human proteins and 29, 33 and 35% identical to rat uncoupling protein (UCP) 1, UCP2 and UCP3, respectively. The molecular weight was predicted to be 36017 Da and the protein of this size was detectable when the cDNA was expressed in vitro. Using Northern blot analysis, the corresponding mRNA, approximately 1.8-kb in size, was found expressed predominantly in the cerebrum, cerebellum and hypothalamus. A unique developmental pattern was identified in the brain, where BMCP1 expression was low in their fetal life, but significantly elevated in the first postnatal week. Thereafter BMCP1 mRNA was maintained to be gradually increased. In 48-h fasted or insulin-induced hypoglycemic rats, BMCP1 mRNA expression in the hypothalamus slightly, but significantly, decreased compared with that in their appropriate controls. The present results indicate that BMCP1 may be involved in pathogenesis of mitochondrial dysfunction in neurons induced by aging or neurodegenerative disorders, and perhaps in energy balance in the brain.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2000

2-Methoxy-4-(2-phthalimidinyl)phenylsulfonyl chloride as a fluorescent labeling reagent for determination of phenols in high-performance liquid chromatography and application for determination of urinary phenol and p-cresol.

Highly sensitive fluorescent labeling reagents, 2-(alkyloxy)-4-(2-phthalimidinyl)phenylsulfonyl chlorides (alkyloxy = methoxy, ethoxy, and propoxy; MPS-Cl, EPS-Cl, and PPS-Cl, respectively), for determination of phenols by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) have been developed. These reagents react with phenols in basic medium to produce the corresponding fluorescent sulfonyl esters. The maximum fluorescence wavelengths of the derivatives were 308 nm for excitation and 410 nm for emission. The peaks due to phenol labeled with MPS-Cl, EPS-Cl, and PPS-Cl eluted at 6.3, 8.8, and 12.8 min, respectively, on a reversed-phase column with isocratic elution of methanol/water (2:1, v/v), and the detection limits (signal-to-noise = 3) of the derivatives were 10, 12, and 17 fmol per injection, respectively. Among these reagents, MPS-Cl was advantageous because its derivatives had shorter retention times and higher sensitivities in HPLC. The efficiency of converting phenol to the fluorescent derivative by MPS-Cl was about 100%. When MPS-Cl was applied to the determination of urinary phenol and p-cresol by HPLC using p-ethylphenol as an internal standard, the derivatives were separated at retention times of 6.3, 8.7, and 12.3 min, respectively, under the HPLC conditions described above. The concentrations of phenol and p-cresol in normal human urine were 11.9-293.5 and 8.2-346.1 nmol/mg creatinine, respectively.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗

PubMed2000

A new method for quantitative analysis of the mouse T-cell receptor V region repertoires: comparison of repertoires among strains.

We developed an adaptor ligation PCR-based microplate hybridization assay (MHA) to analyze the repertoires of mouse T-cell receptor (TCR) alpha- and beta-chain variable regions (TCRAV and TCRBV). RNA is transcribed to cDNA and an adaptor is ligated to the 5' end of the cDNA, which is then used as a template for PCR with an adaptor-specific 3' primer and a constant region-specific 5' primer. After hybridization of PCR products with TCRAV-and TCRBV-specific probes on the microplate, quantitative ELISA was carried out. The entire TCRAV or TCRBV repertoires could be analyzed using a single 96-well plate in triplicate and completed in less than 4 h. The assay results demonstrated the high level of specificity and reproducibility of this method. Furthermore, MHA results correlated well with those of fluorescence-activated cell sorting. This method may provide important information about various T-cell-associated diseases including autoimmune disease. The influence of the MHC on mouse TCR repertoires was next studied using the newly developed mouse TCRAV and TCRBV repertoire assay. The analysis in six strains showed no significant correlation between MHC haplotypes and TCRAV and TCRBV repertoires. However, large differences among strains was observed in TCRBV, but not in TCRAV repertoires. There were also large differences within same strain in TCRBV, but not in TCRAV repertoires, indicating differences in individuals independent of genetic factors. These data suggest that TCRBV repertoires are more susceptible than TCRAV repertoires not only to genetic factors but also some environmental factors.

Animals↗