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Biomedical subjects

Y Tohda

Publications and source records attributed to Y Tohda.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

[Clinical features of eight cases of opportunistic fungal pneumonias].

We evaluated eight cases of pulmonary mycosis in immuno compromised hosts. The underlying diseases were lung cancer with chemotherapy in one case, post bone marrow transplantation (post BMT) in two cases, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in one case and bronchial asthma with massive steroid therapy in four cases. The causative fungi were Candida sp. in three cases, Aspergillus sp. in four cases, Tricosporon sp. in one case. Prognosis was guarded despite antifungal treatment. Five cases deteriorated and died of fungal infection. In five cases, who died of deterioration, 31.6 days was required from appearance of abnormal infiltration in the chest X-ray to determination of the causative fungi (including two cases who were diagnosed by autopsy) on the average. In three successfully treated cases, the average duration from the appearance of abnormal infiltration in the chest X-ray for the determination of the causative fungi was 8.3 days. On the contrary, the average duration between the appearance of abnormal infiltration in the chest X-ray and the initiation of antifungal treatment was 2.6 days who died of deterioration and 8.3 days who survived. We conclude that early identification of causative fungi and not quick institution of antifungal treatment was mandatory in the treatment of opportunistic fungal pneumonia.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1997

The inhibitory effect of TMK688, a novel anti-allergic drug having both 5-lipoxygenase inhibitory activity and anti-histamine activity, against bronchoconstriction, leukotriene production and inflammatory cell infiltration in sensitized guinea pigs.

BACKGROUND: TMK688 is being developed as an anti-allergic drug having both 5-lipoxygenase inhibitory activity and anti-histamine activity. METHOD: We compared the inhibition of the late asthmatic responses by TMK688 with that by other anti-allergic agents in actively sensitized guinea pigs, and examined the relationship between 5-lipoxygenase inhibition and the late asthmatic responses. RESULTS: At 1-3.2 mg/kg, TMK688 inhibited the increases in respiratory resistance, leukotriene (LT) B4 and C4 production in the lungs and eosinophil infiltration into the alveoli during the late asthmatic response, whereas the effects tended to lessen at the dose of 10 mg/kg. These effects are thought to be caused by the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitory activity of TMK688 because Azelastine, an anti-allergic drug having potent antihistamine activity, exhibited no effect. ONO-1078, a peptide LT antagonist, inhibited the late-phase bronchoconstriction at a dose of 100 mg/kg p.o., but not the increase in the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the alveoli, suggesting that the late-phase bronchoconstriction is induced, in part, by peptide LTs, i.e. LT C4, D4 and E4 and that the inflammatory cell infiltration may be caused by LTB4. TMK688 inhibited the immediate bronchoconstriction dose-dependently, and the effect was significant at a dose of 10 mg/kg orally. Since Azelastine, Ketotifen and Oxatomide suppressed the bronchoconstriction at far lower doses than did TMK688, the inhibitory effect was mainly caused by its antihistamine activity. CONCLUSIONS: TMK688 appears to be a novel anti-allergic drug having inhibitory effects on both the bronchoconstriction and the infiltration of inflammatory cells during late asthmatic responses.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Assessment of serum CYFRA 21-1 in lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: Cytokeratins are the intermediate filaments of the cytoskeletal protein located in normal epithelia, tumor, and cultured cells. Recently, a fragment of cytokeratin subunit 19, referred to as CYFRA 21-1, detected in the serum of patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer, has been reported as a new tumor marker. This article reports the results of a study of serum fragment CYFRA 21-1, measured by immunoradiometric assay, as a marker of lung cancer. METHODS: One hundred fourteen patients with primary lung cancer, 6 patients with malignant solid tumor, 116 patients with a variety of benign diseases, and 29 normal individuals were entered into the study. Serum CYFRA 21-1 levels were obtained by means of immunoradiometric assay using the CYFRA 21-1 EIA (enzyme immunoassay) kit. In addition, we studied other tumor markers, including carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC), and neuron specific enolase (NSE), as a means of lung cancer diagnosis. RESULTS: The diagnostic accuracy and sensitivity of serum CYFRA 21-1 for the detection of lung cancer were highest among the four markers. The serum CYFRA 21-1 levels were most highly elevated in lung carcinoma patients (in particular UICC Stage IV patients) across different histologic types and attained 85.1% sensitivity when using a threshold of 3.5 ng/mL. The diagnostic sensitivity for detecting lung carcinoma was substantially enhanced by means of combined assays of CYFRA 21-1 with CEA overall for lung cancer, with SCC for squamous cell carcinoma, and with CEA for adenocarcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that serum assays of CYFRA 21-1 are clinically useful for the diagnosis of lung carcinoma.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Bronchoalveolar lavage with trypsin in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.

Two cases of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis were treated with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) via a fibreoptic bronchoscope. Additional clinical improvement was seen when trypsin was added to the lavage fluid. Analysis of effluents in the BAL fluid showed marked reduction of protein constituents with clinical improvement after treatment with trypsin in the lavage. BAL with trypsin was well tolerated.

Bronchoalveolar Lavage↗
PubMed1996

[Function testing of bronchial responsiveness].

Asthma patients have bronchial hyperreactivity compared with normal subjects. The pathophysiological characteristics of bronchial asthma show the reversible bronchial obstruction (air-flow limitation) caused by several physical and chemical stimuli. Thus, it is important to verify the bronchial responsiveness for diagnosis of bronchial asthma. Function testing of bronchial responsiveness is one of the bronchial reactivity tests which is important for the diagnosis of bronchial asthma as well as the judgment of severity, therapeutic effect and the differential diagnosis. Function testing of bronchial responsiveness consists of 2 major parts : 1) standard method of acetylcholine or histamine inhalation test 2) direct-writing recorder of the dose-response curves of the airway to methacholine test (Astograph).

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1995

[Persistent reactive airway dysfunction syndrome after exposure to chromate].

A 42-year-old man was admitted to the hospital because of wheezing and dyspnea that began 20 minutes after accidental exposure to irritant gas containing chromate at a chrome pellet manufacturing plant. The patient had a positive skin reaction to chromite (Cr2O3). Reduction of FEV1.0 was observed 120 minutes after Cr2O3 inhalation challenge. By 150 minutes after Cr2O3 inhalation, FEV1.0 had decreased by 32%. Chest X-ray film revealed no abnormalities. Histological findings of the lung tissue obtained by open lung biopsy revealed bronchospasm and peri-bronchial inflammatory cell infiltration without bronchiolar obstruction, and thus bronchiolitis obliterans was ruled out. This patient fulfilled the criteria of reactive airway dysfunction syndrome (RADS) proposed by Brooks; onset of symptoms very soon after a single exposure to an irritant, persistence of asthmatic symptoms, obstructive pulmonary dysfunction, and the presence of airway hyperreactivity to methacholine. During the initial hospital stay, asthmatic symptoms were relieved by intensive anti-asthmatic treatment including oral and parenteral corticosteroids. However, the patient's asthmatic symptoms have lasted for eight years and necessitate the use of systemic steroids, and regular use of inhaled steroids and bronchodilators. We know of no previous reported case of RADS after chromate exposure.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[Scimitar syndrome with diagnostic MRI findings].

A fifty-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital because of an abnormal shadow on a chest X-ray film. She was asymptomatic. Chest X-ray film showed a scimitar-like vessel in the right lung, dextroposition of the heart, and hypoplasia of the right pulmonary artery. MRI revealed that the scimitar vein was anomalous pulmonary venous return from the right lung. Normal venous return from the right lower lobe to the left atrium was confirmed by pulmonary artery angiography. MRI findings have been useful in the diagnosis of scimitar syndrome.

Female↗
PubMed1994

The effect of TYB-2285 on dual phase bronchoconstriction and airway hypersensitivity in guinea-pigs actively sensitized with ovalbumin.

The effect of a new anti-asthmatic drug, TYB-2285 (3,5-bis(acetoxyacetylamino)-4-chlorobenzonitrile), was investigated in ovalbumin-sensitized guinea-pigs. When guinea-pigs were pretreated with TYB-2285 (300 mg kg-1, p.o., single dose or consecutively for 7 days), the immediate asthmatic response was inhibited as demonstrated by diminished cyanosis, but not the bronchoconstriction. TYB-2285, given singly or consecutively, inhibited the appearance of late asthmatic response and the infiltration of inflammatory cells, such as eosinophils, into the airway. Additionally, airway hyper-responsiveness was also reversed by the single administration of TYB-2285. Luminol-dependent chemiluminescence of airway-infiltrated cells stimulated with A23187 was inhibited by TYB-2285 in a dose-dependent manner. The present study suggests that TYB-2285 inhibits late asthmatic response and airway hyperresponsiveness by inhibiting the accumulation of eosinophils and other inflammatory cells into the airway, and also by inhibiting the production of oxygen radicals from airway-infiltrated cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[Effect of inhaled steroid on bone metabolism in the treatment of bronchial asthma].

In order to clarify the effects of longterm inhaled steroid therapy on bone metabolism, we examined 72 patients with bronchial asthma treated mainly with BDP (beclomethasone dipropionate). Multiple scanning X-ray photodensitometry was used to evaluate the degree of bone mineral loss. Osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase (total and type III) was measured as a marker of bone synthesis and urinary pyridinoline, and deoxy-pyridinoline was measured as a marker of bone resorption. There was age related bone mineral loss. Urinary pyridinoline increased with aging. Treatment related bone mineral loss was not observed either in cases treated with BDP or in cases treated with continual oral steroids. Urinary pyridinoline and deoxy-pyridinoline decreased in patients treated with larger doses of for longer periods with BDP. Serum osteocalcin levels were lower in patients on continual oral corticosteroids. We conclude that inhaled steroid do not deteriorate bone metabolism in patients with bronchial asthma, when used appropriately.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1993

Effect of saiboku-to (TJ-96) on bronchial asthma. Induction of glucocorticoid receptor, beta-adrenaline receptor, IgE-Fc epsilon receptor expression and its effect on experimental immediate and late asthmatic reaction.

A remarkable "steroid sparing" effect of Saiboku-to was noted within 6 to 12 months of treatment in steroid-dependent asthmatic patients. Saiboku-to spared the downregulation of glucocorticoid receptor of human lymphocytes, plasma ACTH, and cortisol levels. It also spared downregulation of beta 2 receptor by beta 2 agonists and suppressed mACh receptor at the same time. Saiboku-to increased tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) production, which was inhibited by actinomycin-D, thus having steroid-like activity. In mite-allergic asthma, Saiboku-to inhibited the induction of expression of IgE-Fc epsilon R/CD23 in the lymphocytes by mite allergen. It also inhibited IgE production by mite allergens. In experimental asthma in guinea pigs the use of Saiboku-to resulted in a decrease in the number of eosinophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid during late asthmatic response. These findings suggest that Saiboku-to may be effective in inhibiting both the expression of IgE-Fc epsilon R2 and the induction of expression of IgE-Fc epsilon R1. Saiboku-to also has a steroid-like action and polyhedral anti-asthmatic activities.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Three cases of pneumothorax due to lung cancer].

Spontaneous pneumothorax due to primary lung cancers are increasingly reported as of lung cancer incidence increased. We experienced one lung cancer case with pneumothorax as a primary symptom and two who developed pneumothorax after chemotherapy, among 238 cases of primary lung cancer. In the literature, 76 cases of pneumothorax due to primary lung cancers are described. The mechanism of pneumothorax is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of theophylline on blood and sputum eosinophils and ECP in patients with bronchial asthma.

It was recently reported that theophylline has an anti-inflammatory and bronchodilating effect on bronchial asthma. Accordingly, to examine the anti-inflammatory effect of theophylline on asthma, especially its effect on eosinophil activation, a sustained-release theophylline preparation (Theolong) was administered (daily dose: 400 mg) to 18 patients with mild to moderate bronchial asthma. This was done in order to study the preparation's effects on lung function, blood and sputum eosinophils and ECP four weeks pre- and post-administration. Lung function was determined by spirometry and sputum by induced sputum. Blood and sputum ECP levels were determined using an ECP RIA kit. In lung function, there were no differences in vital capacity (VC) or in forced expiratory volume 1 s (FEV 1.0) pre- and post-administration. There were also no differences in the number of blood and sputum eosinophils, but serum and sputum ECP levels decreased. Theophylline is thus expected to exert an inhibitory effect on eosinophil activation and it is suggested as an effective therapeutic drug for bronchial asthma.

Asthma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Intrapleural administration of cisplatin and etoposide to treat malignant pleural effusions in patients with non-small cell lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: To determine the efficacy, toxicity and pharmacokinetics of intrapleural cisplatin (CDDP) and etoposide as a treatment for malignant pleural effusions (MPE) in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS: Seventy patients with MPE associated with NSCLC were enrolled in this study. In 68 patients, a catheter was inserted into the pleural cavity, within 24 h after complete drainage of the pleural effusion, CDDP (80 mg/m2) and etoposide (80 mg/m2) were simultaneously administered successfully via the catheter and the catheter was clamped. Seventy-two hours later, the catheter was unclamped to allow drainage. The catheter was removed when the accumulated intrapleural fluid decreased to 20 ml or less per day. RESULTS: The pharmacokinetic profiles showed high maximum concentrations of CDDP (free form, 88 microg/ml) and etoposide (182. 4 microg/ml) in intrapleural fluids. CDDP did not remain for a long period (free form, beta-phase half-life = 10.51 h) in the fluids, while etoposide persisted for a long period (beta-phase half-life = 62.53 h). The overall response rate was 46.2%, the median survival time 32.3 weeks, the 1-year survival rate 28.7% and the 2-year survival rate 12.8%. The most serious adverse reactions were WHO grade 3 anemia (3 patients), grade 3 nausea and vomiting (17 patients), grade 3 constipation (1 patient), grade 3 pulmonary toxicity (1 patient), grade 4 fever (1 patient), grade 3 infection (1 patient) and grade 3 mental disorder (1 patient). CONCLUSION: Intrapleural administration of CDDP and etoposide was an effective and acceptable regimen for patients with MPE due to NSCLC.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of cytokines on oxygen radical production by peripheral blood monocytes and alveolar macrophages in patients with lung cancer.

The effects of cytokines (interleukin-2, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma) on the ability of peripheral blood monocytes and alveolar macrophages to produce oxygen radicals were examined by the chemiluminescence assay in patients with lung cancer. Oxygen radical production by peripheral blood monocytes before stimulation with cytokines was lower in the lung cancer group than in healthy controls, suggesting reduced immune function in lung cancer patients. However, the activity in the lung cancer group was elevated to the control level when the monocytes were stimulated by any of the three aforementioned cytokines. Oxygen radical production by alveolar macrophages did not differ significantly between nonstimulated monocytes from lung cancer patients and those from healthy controls. In the lung cancer group, stimulation of the macrophages with any of the three cytokines elevated their ability to produce oxygen radicals to the same extent as in the control group. The results suggest that stimulation of macrophages by interleukin-2, tumor necrosis factor-alpha or interferon-gamma can exert an antitumor action in patients with lung cancer.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of AA-2414 on early and late bronchial responses in actively sensitized guinea-pigs.

The effect of a new thromboxane A2 receptor antagonist, AA-2414, (+/-)-7-(3,5,6-trimethyl-1,4-benzoquinon-2-yl)-7-phenylheptanoic acid, on dual bronchoconstriction and airway hyper-reactivity in actively sensitized guinea-pigs was investigated. Immediate and late bronchial responses were seen 1-10 min and 4-7 h, respectively, after inhalation of antigen. In guinea-pigs pretreated with AA-2414, 5 mg/kg orally, the immediate bronchial response was inhibited. An administration of AA-2414 inhibited the late bronchial response. The numbers of eosinophils, neutrophils and macrophages, but not of lymphocytes, in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were increased at 4 h after antigen inhalation. AA-2414 did not affect the numbers of total cells, eosinophils, neutrophils or macrophages. Sensitized guinea-pigs showed a significant airway hyperreactivity to inhaled histamine, which was not influenced by an administration of AA-2414. Luminol-dependent chemiluminescence of airway-infiltrated cells from sensitized guinea-pigs stimulated with A23187 was slightly inhibited by AA-2414. These results show that AA-2414 inhibits the late asthmatic response and the production of oxygen radicals from airway-infiltrated cells.

Animals↗