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Y Tamai

Publications and source records attributed to Y Tamai.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Contribution of peripheral 5-HT2A or 5-HT3 receptors to Fos expression in the trigeminal spinal nucleus produced by acute injury to the masseter muscle during persistent temporomandibular joint inflammation in rats.

We investigated the contribution of peripheral 5-HT2A or 5-HT3 receptors to Fos expression in the trigeminal spinal nucleus (VSP) following acute masseter muscle injury in male rats with or without temporomandibular joint (TMJ) inflammation persisting for 7 days. TMJ inflammation was evoked by an injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Two hours after formalin injection into the masseter muscle produced Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-LI) in several regions of the VSP and upper cervical spinal cord (C2), such as ventrolateral (vl) area of the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc)/subnucleus interpolaris (Vi) transition (vl-Vi/Vc), paratrigeminal nucleus (dPa5), middle portion of the Vc (mid-Vc) and Vc/C2 transition (Vc/C2) regions in both groups. Significant increases in the number of Fos-LI were observed in these areas in CFA group compared with non-CFA group. TMJ inflammation alone did not induce a significant level of Fos-LI in the VSP. In order to assess the effect of antagonizing 5-HT2A or 5-HT3 receptors on formalin-induced Fos-LI, rats were pre-treated with local (masseter muscle) administration of ketanserin or tropisetron (0.01, 0.1 mg/rat) 20 min prior to formalin injection. In CFA group, these antagonists given locally reduced the Fos-LI response in the laminae I-II at the mid-Vc and Vc/C2 regions. These antagonists reduced the Fos-LI response in the dPa5, but not in the vl-Vi/Vc region. The Fos-LI response was not affected by i.v. administration of ketanserin (0.01, 0.1 mg/rat) or tropisetron (0.01 mg/rat). In non-CFA group, these antagonists given locally did not reduce the Fos-LI response. These results suggest that peripheral 5-HT2A and 5-HT3 receptors contribute to nociceptive processing in the masseter muscle in TMJ inflammatory conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

"Ventral" area in the rat auditory cortex: a major auditory field connected with the dorsal division of the medial geniculate body.

The rat auditory cortex is made up of multiple auditory fields. A precise correlation between anatomical and physiological areal extents of auditory fields, however, is not yet fully established, mainly because non-primary auditory fields remain undetermined. In the present study, based on thalamocortical connection, electrical stimulation and auditory response, we delineated a non-primary auditory field in the cortical region ventral to the primary auditory area and anterior auditory field. We designated it as "ventral" area after its relative location. At first, based on anterograde labeling of thalamocortical projection with biocytin, ventral auditory area was delineated as a main cortical terminal field of thalamic afferents that arise from the dorsal division of the medial geniculate body. Cortical terminal field (ventral auditory area) extended into the ventral margin of temporal cortex area 1 (Te1) and the dorsal part of temporal cortex area 3, ventral (Te3V), from 3.2-4.6 mm posterior to bregma. Electrical stimulation of the dorsal division of the medial geniculate body; evoked epicortical field potentials confined to the comparable cortical region. On the basis of epicortical field potentials evoked by pure tones, best frequencies were further estimated at and around the cortical region where electrical stimulation of the dorsal division of the medial geniculate body evoked field potentials. Ventral auditory area was found to represent frequencies primarily below 15 kHz, which contrasts with our previous finding that the posterodorsal area, the other major recipient of the dorsal division of the medial geniculate body; projection, represents primarily high frequencies (>15 kHz). The posterodorsal area is thought to play a pivotal role in auditory spatial processing [Kimura A, Donishi T, Okamoto K, Tamai Y (2004) Efferent connections of "posterodorsal" auditory area in the rat cortex: implications for auditory spatial processing. Neuroscience 128:399-419]. The ventral auditory area, as the other main cortical region that would relay auditory input from the dorsal division of the medial geniculate body to higher cortical information processing, could serve an important extralemniscal function in tandem with the posterodorsal area. The results provide insight into structural and functional organization of the rat auditory cortex.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2005

Topography of projections from the primary and non-primary auditory cortical areas to the medial geniculate body and thalamic reticular nucleus in the rat.

The functional significance of parallel and redundant information processing by multiple cortical auditory fields remains elusive. A possible function is that they may exert distinct corticofugal modulations on thalamic information processing through their parallel connections with the medial geniculate body and thalamic reticular nucleus. To reveal the anatomical framework for this function, we examined corticothalamic projections of tonotopically comparable subfields in the primary and non-primary areas in the rat auditory cortex. Biocytin was injected in and around cortical area Te1 after determining best frequency at the injection site on the basis of epicortical field potentials evoked by pure tones. The rostral part of area Te1 (primary auditory area) and area temporal cortex, area 2, dorsal (Te2D) (posterodorsal auditory area) dorsal to the caudal end of area Te1, which both exhibited high best frequencies, projected to the ventral zone of the ventral division of the medial geniculate body. The caudal end of area Te1 (auditory area) and the rostroventral part of area Te1 (a part of anterior auditory field), which both exhibited low best frequencies, projected to the dorsal zone of the ventral division of the medial geniculate body. In contrast to the similar topography in the projections to the ventral division of the medial geniculate body, collateral projections to the thalamic reticular nucleus terminated in the opposite dorsal and ventral zones of the lateral and middle tiers of the nucleus in each pair of the tonotopically comparable cortical subfields. In addition, the projections of the non-primary cortical subfields further arborized in the medial tier of the thalamic reticular nucleus. The results suggest that tonotopically comparable primary and non-primary subfields in the auditory cortex provide corticofugal excitatory effects to the same part of the ventral division of the medial geniculate body. On the other hand, corticofugal inhibition via the thalamic reticular nucleus may operate in different parts of the ventral division of the medial geniculate body or different thalamic nuclei. The primary and non-primary cortical auditory areas are presumed to subserve distinct gating functions for auditory attention.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2005

The role of peripheral 5HT2A and 5HT1A receptors on the orofacial formalin test in rats with persistent temporomandibular joint inflammation.

The role of peripheral serotonin (5HT) 2A and 5HT1A receptors on the orofacial nocifensive behavioral activities evoked by the injection of formalin into the masseter muscle was evaluated in the rats with persistent temporomandibular joint (TMJ) inflammation evoked by Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA). The orofacial nocifensive behavioral activities evoked by the injection of formalin into masseter muscle were significantly enhanced at 1 day (CFA day 1 group) or 7 days (CFA day 7 group) during TMJ inflammation. Pretreatment with local administration of 5HT2A receptor antagonist, ketanserin (0.01, 0.1 mg/rat) into the masseter muscle or systemic administration of ketanserin via i.p. injection (1 mg/kg) reduced the orofacial nocifensive behavioral activities of the late phase evoked by formalin injection into masseter muscle on the side of TMJ inflammation (CFA day 7 group). However, local (0.001-0.1 mg/rat) or systemic (1 mg/kg) administration of 5HT1A receptor antagonist, propranolol, into masseter muscle did not produce the antinociceptive effect in CFA day 7 group. Moreover, local administration of ketanserin (0.1 mg) or propranolol (0.1 mg) into masseter muscle did not inhibit nocifensive orofacial behavior in rats without TMJ inflammation. These data suggest that persistent TMJ inflammation causes the elevation of the orofacial nocifensive behavior, and peripheral 5HT2A receptors play an important role in mediating the deep craniofacial tissue nociception in rats with TMJ inflammation.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Central serotonin 3 receptors play an important role in the modulation of nociceptive neural activity of trigeminal subnucleus caudalis and nocifensive orofacial behavior in rats with persistent temporomandibular joint inflammation.

The role of central serotonin 3 receptors on neural activities recorded from superficial laminae of trigeminal subnucleus caudalis/upper cervical spinal cord junction region was investigated using rats with (Complete Freund's Adjuvant day 7 group) or without (non-Complete Freund's Adjuvant group) persistent temporomandibular joint inflammation evoked by Complete Freund's Adjuvant for 7 days. We identified two types of units, Deep-wide dynamic range units and Skin-wide dynamic range units from extracellular recordings. Deep-wide dynamic range units have mechanoreceptive fields in the deep craniofacial tissues including masseter muscle but do not have cutaneous mechanoreceptive fields. Deep-wide dynamic range unit discharges evoked by the formalin injection into masseter muscle were significantly enhanced in the late phase in Complete Freund's Adjuvant day 7 group. Discharges of Skin-wide dynamic range units evoked by the noxious pinch stimulation to facial skin in Complete Freund's Adjuvant day 7 group were significantly enhanced compared with those in non-Complete Freund's Adjuvant group. Topical administration of central serotonin 3 receptor antagonist, tropisetron, onto trigeminal subnucleus caudalis/upper cervical spinal cord junction region significantly reduced both formalin-evoked Deep-wide dynamic range unit and pinch-evoked Skin-wide dynamic range unit discharges in non-Complete Freund's Adjuvant and Complete Freund's Adjuvant day 7 groups significantly. The inhibitory effects of tropisetron on pinch-evoked Skin-wide dynamic range unit discharges were prolonged in Complete Freund's Adjuvant day 7 group compared with those in non-Complete Freund's Adjuvant group. The role of central serotonin 3 receptors in trigeminal subnucleus caudalis/upper cervical spinal cord junction region was also tested by orofacial formalin test in Complete Freund's Adjuvant day 7 group. Intracisternal administration of tropisetron decreased the orofacial nocifensive behavior in the late phase evoked by the injection of formalin into the masseter muscle. These results suggest that central serotonin 3 receptors in trigeminal subnucleus caudalis/upper cervical spinal cord junction region are involved in mediating pronociceptive effects in both superficial and deep craniofacial tissues nociception during persistent temporomandibular joint inflammation.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2004

Simultaneous expression of COX-2 and mPGES-1 in mouse gastrointestinal hamartomas.

Cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2 is induced in various types of cancer tissues. Here, we demonstrate stromal expression of both COX-2 and microsomal prostaglandin E(2) synthase (mPGES)-1 in gastrointestinal hamartomas developed in Lkb1(+/-), Smad4(+/-) and Cdx2(+/-)mice. These results suggest that PGE(2) produced by COX-2 and mPGES-1 plays an important role in hamartoma development regardless of the mutated genes causing hamartomas.

AMP-Activated Protein Kinases↗
PubMed2004

Topography of corticothalamic projections from the auditory cortex of the rat.

Corticothalamic projections from cortical auditory field to the medial geniculate body (MG) in the rat were systematically examined by making small injections of biocytin in cortical area Te1. All injections, confined to 400 microm in diameter, resulted in two projections terminating in the ventral (MGV) and dorsal divisions (MGD) of the MG. The projections to the MGV were evidently topographic. The rostral and caudal portions of area Te1 projected to the ventromedial and dorsolateral parts of the MGV, respectively, forming narrow bands of terminal axons that extended in the mediolateral direction in the coronal plane of the MGV. The minimum dorsoventral width of the bands ranged approximately from 100 to 300 microm. Besides, the more rostral portion of area Te1 tended to project to the more rostral side of the MGV. The projections to the MGD consistently arborized in its ventral margin made up of the deep dorsal nucleus of the MGD. A similar weak topography along the rostrocaudal direction was observed in the projections to the MGD. Large terminals were occasionally found in the MGD after the injections involving cortical layer V. The distribution of large terminals also appeared topographic along with small terminals that were the major component of labeling. Collaterals of labeled axons produced slabs of terminal field in the thalamic reticular nucleus, which also exhibited a weak topography of distribution. These results provide insights into the structural basis of corticofugal modulations related to the tonotopic organizations in the cortex and MG.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Efferent connections of "posterodorsal" auditory area in the rat cortex: implications for auditory spatial processing.

We examined efferent connections of the cortical auditory field that receives thalamic afferents specifically from the suprageniculate nucleus (SG) and the dorsal division (MGD) of the medial geniculate body (MG) in the rat [Neuroscience 117 (2003) 1003]. The examined cortical region was adjacent to the caudodorsal border (4.8-7.0 mm posterior to bregma) of the primary auditory area (area Te1) and exhibited relatively late auditory response and high best frequency, compared with the caudal end of area Te1. On the basis of the location and auditory response property, the cortical region is considered identical to "posterodorsal" auditory area (PD). Injections of biocytin in PD revealed characteristic projections, which terminated in cortical areas and subcortical structures that play pivotal roles in directed attention and space processing. The most noticeable cortical terminal field appeared as dense plexuses of axons in area Oc2M, the posterior parietal cortex. Small terminal fields were scattered in area frontal cortex, area 2 that comprises the frontal eye field. The subcortical terminal fields were observed in the pontine nucleus, the nucleus of the brachium inferior colliculus, and the intermediate and deep layers of the superior colliculus. Corticostriatal projections targeted two discrete regions of the caudate putamen: the top of the middle part and the caudal end. It is noteworthy that the inferior colliculus and amygdala virtually received no projection. Corticothalamic projections terminated in the MGD, the SG, the ventral zone of the ventral division of the MG, the ventral margin of the lateral posterior nucleus (LP), and the caudodorsal part of the posterior thalamic nuclear group (Po). Large terminals were found in the MGD, SG, LP and Po besides small terminals, the major component of labeling. The results suggest that PD is an auditory area that plays an important role in spatial processing linked to directed attention and motor function. The results extend to the rat findings from nonhuman primates suggesting the existence of a posterodorsal processing stream for auditory spatial perception.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2004

Allocation of 14C-carbon in two species of larch seedlings infected with ectomycorrhizal fungi.

The flow of labeled carbon in ectomycorrhizal and non-ectomycorrhizal seedlings of Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi Sarg.) and its F1 hybrid (Larix gmelinii Rupr. x L. kaempferi) was studied. Larch seedlings were grown in a greenhouse for 110 days with larch forest soil (FM) or Suillus grevillei (SM) inoculum, or in the absence of ectomycorrhizal fungi (NM). Shoots of colonized and NM seedlings were exposed to a pulse of 14CO2 for 1 h under natural light. Seedlings were harvested following 0, 6 and 24 h of exposure to 14CO2. At the final harvest, SM seedlings of Japanese larch and hybrid larch allocated 2.6 and 2.5% more 14C, respectively, to roots than NM seedlings. In contrast, FM seedlings of Japanese larch and hybrid larch allocated 6.5 and 18.0% more 14C, respectively, to the stem than NM seedlings. Of the total 14C detected in needle, stem and root fractions, FM and SM seedlings allocated a greater proportion than NM seedlings, perhaps because FM and SM seedlings had significantly (P < 0.05) higher photosynthetic rates than NM seedlings. As a result, FM and SM seedlings had greater dry masses than NM seedlings. Concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in FM and SM seedlings were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than in NM seedlings, as was stomatal conductance.

Carbon↗
PubMed2003

Auditory thalamic nuclei projections to the temporal cortex in the rat.

Thalamocortical projections from the auditory thalamic nuclei were examined systematically in the rat, including those from the dorsal division (MGD) of the medial geniculate body (MG), which were less clearly determined in previous studies. Injections of biocytin confined in each thalamic nucleus revealed characteristic features of projections in terms of cortical areas and layers of termination. In contrast to exclusively selective projections to cortical area Te1 from the ventral division (MGV) of the MG, diffuse and selective terminations were observed in the projections from the dorsal (MGD) and medial divisions (MGM) of the MG and the suprageniculate nucleus (SG). Diffuse termination was continuous in layer I or VI of the temporal cortex, while selective termination was in layers III and IV of discrete cortical areas. In addition to diffuse termination in the upper half of layer I of cortical areas Te1, Te2d and Te3v, the MGD and SG projections formed plexuses of axons selectively in lower layer III and layer IV of Te2d and Te3v. The SG projections targeted further the dorsal bank of the perirhinal cortex (PRh), while the MGD projections targeted in part the ventral fringe of Te1. The MGM projections terminated diffusely in layer VI of Te1 and Te3v, and selectively in lower layer III and layer IV of the rostral part of Te3v. Diffuse projections to layers I and VI from the SG and MGM extended in cortical regions over the dorsal fringe of Te1. Selective dense projections to middle cortical layers of Te2d and Te3v (especially its rostral part) indicate the existence of auditory areas, which could be involved in cross-modal interaction with visual and somatosensory system, respectively. Diffuse projections are supposed to bind information processings in these areas and the primary auditory area (Te1).

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Peptides from the N-terminal end of bovine lactoferrin induce apoptosis in human leukemic (HL-60) cells.

To determine the effects of the multifunctional iron-binding glycoprotein, lactoferrin (LF) and related compounds on the growth of leukemic cells, human myeloid leukemic cells (HL-60) were exposed to bovine lactoferrin (bLF) and proteolytic hydrolysates of bLF. Pepsin hydrolysates of bLF showed a greater growth suppressive effect than tryptic hydrolysates or mature bLF. Four peptides with proliferation inhibition activity were purified from pepsin hydrolysates by ion-exchange chromatography, reverse-phase HPLC, and gel-filtration. All peptides were from the N-terminal end, in a region where lactoferricin B (Lfcin B), an antibacterial peptide, is located. Among the four peptides, peptide 1 (pep1) was found to exhibit highest activity and corresponded to residues 17 to 38 of bLF, with a molecular weight of 2753.88. The IC50 value of this peptide was 6.3 micrograms/ml. Three other peptides were less active and corresponded to sequences 1 to 16 and 45 to 48, linked by disulfide-bridge (pep2, molecular mass of 2430.13), 1 to 15 and 45 to 46 linked by disulfide bridge (pep3, molecular mass of 2017,92) and from residues 1 to 13 (pep4, molecular mass of 1558.73). Cell proliferation inhibition activity of the peptides was thought to be due to induction of apoptosis, which was evaluated by DNA ladder formation, DNA fragmentation, enhanced expression of phosphatidyl serine, and morphological changes. The IC50 values of the three peptides were confirmed using synthetic peptides and were consistent with those of purified peptides.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2001

Outcome of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children with AL90 regimen: impact of response to treatment and sex difference on prognostic factors.

BACKGROUND: In our previous studies, the outcome of high-risk ALL was still poor. In the present study, all children with ALL were classified into three groups and treated with a new regimen (AL90). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1990 and 1996, 220 children with ALL, treated with the AL90 regimen, were classified into three risk groups: low, intermediate, and high: LR, IR, and HR, respectively. The protocol consisted of three- to five-drug induction, consolidation with intermediate-dose methotrexate and/or cytarabine, mercaptopurine and cyclophosphamide, four-drug intensification, and sequential maintenance therapies. Only intrathecal chemotherapy was used for CNS prophylaxis in the LR group, whereas cranial irradiation was added for the IR and HR groups. RESULTS: The number of eligible patients was 91: LR group, 71: IR group, and 58: HR group. Complete remission (CR) was obtained in > 98% of the LR and IR groups, while only 88% achieved CR in the HR group. The 5-year event-free survival (EFS) rate was 67.4% in all patients: 70.4% in the LR group, 71.7% in the IR group, and 57.5% in the HR group. With respect to the previous study, EFS in the HR group who showed positive residual leukemia at 14 days was improved, whereas EFS in boys versus girls was significantly lower (48.8% : 85.7%, P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: In high-risk ALL, the rate of induction failure was high and boys had a worse outcome, calling for improvements in induction therapy and a specific approach for boys.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Cloning of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase genes (ZrGPD1 and ZrGPD2) and glycerol dehydrogenase genes (ZrGCY1 and ZrGCY2) from the salt-tolerant yeast Zygosaccharomyces rouxii.

The ZrGPD1 and ZrGPD2 genes encoding putative glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenases were isolated from the salt-tolerant yeast, Zygosaccharomyces rouxii. Both genes are homologous to GPD1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and are constitutively expressed in Z. rouxii cells. Putative glycerol dehydrogenase genes, ZrGCY1 and ZrGCY2, which are highly homologous to GCY1 of S. cerevisiae, were also isolated. Since the level of transcripts of ZrGCY1 and ZrGCY2 increased in Z. rouxii cells subjected to salt stress, it is suggested that the pathway of the signal transduction of salt stress controls the expression of these genes. The Accession Nos of these sequences in GenBank are as follows: ZrGPD1, AB047394; ZrGPD2, AB047395; ZrGCY1, AB047396; ZrGCY2, AB047397.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2001

Long-term outcome of treatment with protocols AL841, AL851, and ALHR88 in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results obtained by the Kyushu-Yamaguchi Children's Cancer Study Group.

We analyzed the long-term outcome and late effects of treatment in 187 patients with childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) diagnosed between 1984 and 1990. Overall survival and event-free survival rates were 68.2% +/- 3.7% and 63.2% +/- 3.6% at 15 years, respectively. Of 55 patients who relapsed after achieving the first complete remission (CR), only 17.4% were rescued by salvage therapy. The advantage of stem cell transplantation over chemotherapy was observed only in those patients with bone marrow relapse during therapy. The SD for score height in patients maintaining the first CR significantly decreased at the time of final follow-up compared with that at diagnosis: 0.059 to -0.800 (P < .0001). The decrease was remarkable in patients younger than 5 years at diagnosis. Other late effects included mild liver dysfunction in 18% and hepatitis C virus infection in 9%. Congestive heart failure was observed in only 2.9% of patients despite the high cumulative dose of daunorubicin (450 mg/m2). Although the survival rates of patients on our protocols were comparable to those of other study groups, some modification, including reduction in dose of cranial irradiation and/or anticancer drugs, should be considered to reduce late adverse effects in survivors of childhood ALL.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

HO gene polymorphism in Saccharomyces industrial yeasts and application of novel HO genes to convert homothallism to heterothallism in combination with the mating-type detection cassette.

Southern blot analysis of industrial yeasts showed that all top-fermenting yeasts, distiller's yeasts and a proportion of wine yeasts tested in the present study produced a hybridization signal (approximately 7 kb), corresponding to a Saccharomyces cerevisiae-type HO gene (Sc-HO). It also showed that bottom-fermenting yeasts gave rise to 7-kb and 4-kb hybridization signals, corresponding to the Sc-HO gene and the lager yeast HO gene (Lg-HO), respectively. Two wine yeasts produced a 4-kb hybridization signal, corresponding to Lg-HO; and one wine yeast produced 2.5-kb and 1.5-kb hybridization bands, corresponding to a S. uvarum-type HO gene (Uv-HO). Partial nucleotide sequences of HO genes amplified from these wine yeasts perfectly matched those of Lg-HO and Uv-HO, respectively. HO disruption vectors were constructed by inserting a dominant selective marker PGK1p-neo and the mating-type detection cassette MFalpha1p-PHO5 within the Lg-HO or Uv-HO gene. From transformants carrying a single-disrupted ho gene, mating-competent progenies were easily obtained through meiosis. Moreover, mating-competent derivatives appearing at very low frequency could be obtained from a double-disrupted ho transformant without meiosis (even from a wine yeast lacking sporulation ability), because the sensitive phosphatase-staining method allowed detection of the Pho+ mating-competent derivatives from confluent colonies by the random spore method. Our study describes a rapid and convenient method for isolating mating-competent clones from industrial yeasts.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2001

A gene encoding a hydrophobin, fvh1, is specifically expressed after the induction of fruiting in the edible mushroom Flammulina velutipes.

A cDNA clone of the gene fvh1 was previously isolated from a preprimordial cDNA library made from the basidiomycete Flammulina velutipes. Sequence analysis showed that fvh1 encoded for a hydrophobin, a small fungal protein usually secreted by filamentous fungi. FVH1 had a highly conserved arrangement of eight cysteine residues, a putative N-terminal signal sequence and a hydropathy pattern characteristics of class I hydrophobin. A genomic fvh1 clone was isolated from a F. velutipes genomic DNA library and sequenced. Several putative promoter elements and three small introns of fvh1 were identified in this clone. Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA showed that fvh1 was a single copy gene. Northern analysis indicated that fvh1 was specifically and abundantly expressed in mycelia after the induction of fruiting and during fruit body initiation. It was not expressed in mycelia before the induction of fruiting or in mature fruit bodies.

Agaricales↗
PubMed2001

Repetitive administration of tetrabenazine induces irreversible changes in locomotion and morphology of the substantia nigra in rats.

We investigated the effects of a 7 day repetitive administration of tetrabenazine (TBZ), which depletes monoamines, on both locomotor behavior and histomorphometrial findings of substantia nigra in rats. These results were compared with the effects of a single dose of TBZ, which is a common paradigm in animal models of depression. A single dose of TBZ causes reversible decrease of voluntary movement and no histological changes. In contrast, as for repetitive administration, this experiment demonstrated irreversible and significant decrease in spontaneous locomotion, as well as histological changes in the neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta. These results have led us to propose that prolonged TBZ administration could provide a novel and useful model for the behavioral characteristics and anatomical pathology of Parkinson's disease as one of the oxidative stress models induced by abnormal dopamine metabolism.

Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors↗