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Biomedical subjects

Y Shimada

Publications and source records attributed to Y Shimada.

At least 757 records · Page 42Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

[Clinical evaluation of josamycin for the treatment of Mycoplasma pneumonia in children].

Thirty-one strains of Mycoplasma pneumoniae were tested for drug sensitivity to both josamycin (JM) and erythromycin (EM), to evaluate the efficacy of JM for mycoplasmal pneumonia in children. In addition to the sensitivity tests of 31 M. pneumoniae strains against JM and EM, 50 patients, between the ages of 3 years 1 month and 13 years 3 months, suspected of suffering from mycoplasmal pneumonia were treated with 50 or 200 mg JM tablets at an average daily dose of 43.1 mg/kg t.i.d. or b.i.d. for an average period of 14 days; an additional 31 patients between the ages of 2 years 9 months and 11 years, suspected of suffering from this disease were treated with tablet or dry syrup of EM, with the exception of EM estolate, t.i.d. or b.i.d. at an average daily dose of 72.5 mg/kg for an average period of 15 days. Patients were selected in 37 and 22 mycoplasmal pneumonic patients respectively for JM and EM. Clinical and bacteriological effects, efficacy and side effects of the drugs on this disease were studied and the following results were obtained. Drug sensitivity test Of all 31 strains tested for JM sensitivity the populations which exhibited 0.125 mcg/ml were most abundant (18/31, 58.1%) and MIC pattern of all strains were distributed from 0.0313 to 0.125 mcg/ml. In the EM group, 61.3% (19/31) of the populations were sensitive at 0.015 mcg/ml, exhibiting the dominant distribution pattern and MIC range of all organism varied from 0.0078 to 0.0313 mcg/ml. Resistant strains were found to neither JM nor EM. EM was approximately 2 to 10 times more active than JM in MIC evaluation. Clinical effects of JM by daily doses Clinical effects relative to the daily dose were evaluated in 3, 7, 10 days after administration of drugs. The response was favorable, according to assessments of the attending doctors, in 96.7, 100% and 95.8% of the patient group given JM in a daily dose of 40-49 mg/kg, the group to which the largest number of patients belonged. Similar favorable results were obtained by the assessments of Evaluation Committee, showing 86.7, 96.7% and 100% of favorable response. Upon comparison, in the same interval, of these results with those of the groups given EM in a daily dose of 50 mg/kg, the group in which the largest number of patients were seen, there was no significant difference in the assessments either of the attending doctors or of the Evaluation Committee.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Age Factors↗
PubMed1983

[Experimental study of an ampicillin suppository (KS-R1) in adults and children].

KS-R1, a new rectal suppository of ampicillin (ABPC) sodium, was compared with oral and parenteral ABPC in terms of absorption and excretion in childish patients and healthy adult male volunteers. In addition, the irritation of KS-R1 to the rectum was studied. 1. Eight healthy adult male volunteers received 250 mg (potency) of KS-R1 rectally and 125 mg of ABPC intravenously in a cross-over study. Then, 4 of them were given intramuscularly 250 mg of ABPC, and 3 of the remaining 4 volunteers were given 250 mg of ABPC orally. The rectal administration of 250 mg of KS-R1 resulted in a mean peak ABPC plasma level (Cmax) of 2.6 mcg/ml at 30 minutes, and then ABPC levels declined with biological half-life (T2/1) of 0.55 hour. The peak time (Tmax) of occurrence after rectal dose of KS-R1 was earlier than that after oral dose of ABPC, and was equal to that after intramuscular dose of ABPC. Cmax after rectal dose of KS-R1 was equal to that after the oral dose, and was about 40% of the value attained with the intramuscular dose. Urinary recovery of ABPC during 6 hours after rectal dose of KS-R1 was 24.0%, compared with 34.0% for the oral dose, 59.6% for the intramuscular dose and 61.4% for the intravenous dose. The relative bioavailability of KS-R1, calculated on the basis of urinary recovery after intravenous administration of ABPC, was about 40%. 2. When KS-R1 (250 mg) was given to 2 adult volunteers 3 times daily for 5 days, no remarkable difference was found in plasma concentration and urinary recovery of ABPC. The pharmacokinetic parameters following the last administration were similar to those following a single administration of KS-R1. 3. KS-R1, oral ABPC and intravenous ABPC were administered at the dose of 125 mg (potency) to 5, 4 and 3 children and at the dose of 250 mg (potency) to 5, 3 and 3 children, respectively. Peak plasma level (Cmax) of ABPC after rectal administration of 125 mg and 250 mg of KS-R1 was reached in 15 minutes, indicating 4.8 and 7.1 mcg/ml, respectively. Peak time (Tmax) of ABPC after the rectal doses of KS-R1 was about 2 hours earlier than that after oral doses of ABPC. Cmax after KS-R1 was 3-4 times as high as that after the oral doses. Area under the curve (AUC) with KS-R1 was 1.38-1.55 times greater than that of oral ABPC, and about 24% of the values obtained with intravenous doses of ABPC. Urinary recoveries of ABPC rectal doses of KS-R1 were 30.4 to 45.6%, compared with 29.2 to 30.8% for the oral doses and 61.1 to 76.1% for the intravenous doses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1983

[Experimental and clinical evaluation of an ampicillin suppository (KS-R1) in children].

Plasma levels of ampicillin (ABPC) after the single rectal insertion of KS-R1 at doses of 125 and 250 mg in 154 children reached a peak at 11 approximately 15 minutes in children of age less than 1 year old, at 16 approximately 20 minutes in children of 1 approximately 3 years, 4 approximately 6 years and more than 7 years old with the highest levels of 11.50, 8.69, 10.33 and 8.30 micrograms/ml, respectively. Highest plasma levels of ABPC were 6.48, 8.00, 12.32 and 17.83 micrograms/ml by the administration of KS-R1 at doses of less than 10.9 mg/kg, 11.0 approximately 15.9, 16.0 approximately 20.9 mg/kg and more than 21.0 mg/kg, respectively, with dose-dependent response which were observed at 11 approximately 15 minutes or 16 approximately 20 minutes. There was no difference of plasma levels between the administration of 125 and 250 mg of KS-R1. The pain of insertion was observed in 0.6% of total 167 cases, the feeling of defecation in 2.4% and the discharge of suppository or its dissolved material or defecation within 30 minutes after insertion in 12.6%, without the influence of patients ages and dosage level. These figures were almost the same as those after the insertion of other suppositories such as erythromycin suppository or antipyretic suppository. Clinical effectiveness of KS-R1 was examined in 51 childish patients with various infections. KS-R1 was rectally given to them at doses of average 41.6 mg/kg/day divided into 3 to 4 times for 7 days. All cases showed excellent and good effects. Bacteriologically, all pathogens which were isolated from 12 patients were eradicated.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1983

[Experimental and clinical evaluation of latamoxef in newborn and premature infants].

Latamoxef (LMOX) was administered as a one-shot intravenous injection of 10 mg/kg or 20 mg/kg to 28 newborn and immature infants of 1 to 28 days of age. For 6 hours following the administration, the concentrations of the drug in the plasma and in the urine were monitored and the urinary recovery rate was determined. In addition, 17 patients, consisting of newborns, immature infants and suckling infants, aged 0 days to 2 months and diagnosed as having various bacterial infections, were also treated with LMOX; the mean daily dosage was 103 mg/kg, administered in 2 to 6 divided doses as one-shot intravenous injections for an average duration of 11 days. These patients were subjected to the analysis for the clinical efficacy and bacteriological efficacy of the therapy. Furthermore, with the inclusion of 35 drop-out cases, a total of 52 patients was investigated for the occurrence of side effects by the LMOX therapy. The findings of these studies are summarized below. The patients were divided into 5 groups on the basis of age: 3 days old or less, 4--7 days, 8--14 days, 15--21 days and 22--28 days. Only in the 8--14 day-old group administered LMOX at 20 mg/kg, the maximum mean plasma concentration of the drug occurred at the time of 15 minutes postadministration, although some individuals showed peaks at 5 minutes. In all of the other age groups, for both the 10 and 20 mg/kg dosages, the maximum plasma concentration of LMOX occurred 5 minutes postinjection. In each of the age groups, a dose response was seen between the 2 dosage levels. However, a comparison of each group and control infants in terms of the LMOX plasma concentration at 30 minutes after injection revealed that the concentrations in the patients in this study were low. In terms of the half-life of the drug at the 2 dosage levels, both the mean and individual values in each of the age groups were longer than the half-lives in control infants. This tendency was especially marked in the case of infants 7 days of age or less. The values for the AUC also tended to be larger in the younger patient groups. A good level of LMOX was detected in the urine during each of the 0--2, 2--4 and 4--6 hour periods following administration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed1983

[Clinical studies on cefadroxil in the field of pediatrics].

The newly developed cefadroxil (CDX) dry syrup in a mean daily dose of 32.9 mg/kg t.i.d. or q.i.d. was administered to children for a period of 8 days on the average; viz. a total of 64 cases consisting of 39 cases of tonsillitis, 2 of tonsillitis complicated with otitis media, 1 of bronchitis, 1 of pneumonia, 14 of scarlet fever, and 7 of urinary tract infections; and its clinical and bacteriological effects, and adverse reactions were examined, leading to the following results. 1. The clinical effects were "good" or "excellent" in any of 39 cases of tonsillitis, 2 of tonsillitis complicated with otitis media, 1 of pneumonia, 14 of scarlet fever, and 7 of urinary tract infections, and "fair" only in a case of bronchitis, showing the high efficacy of 98.4%. 2. The clinical effects by daily dose were compared only in the great cases of tonsillitis between the 2 daily dose groups of 30 mg/kg or below and 31 to 40 mg/kg, and both groups showed "good" or "excellent" results, but the latter group revealed that the excellent rate was greater by 20.8% than that of the former group. 3. The frequency of daily administration was 3 times or 4 times and the cases of 4 times administration were few in any disease. In comparison of clinical effects between the 3 times group and the 4 times group in the whole cases, no significant difference was observed between both groups but it is desirable to make the 4 times administration in view of the pharmacokinetics. 4. The bacteriological effects could be judged in 15 cases, namely bacteria were eradicated in 14 cases and unchanged in 1 case, showing a good result of the eradication rate as 93.3%. 5. No adverse reaction was observed and the laboratory test values showed eosinophilia in 7 cases (15.9%) and abnormal elevations of GPT in 1 case (4.5%), of GOT and GPT in 2 case (9.1%), of LDH in 1 case (4.8%) and of BUN in 1 case (4.8%), but 4 of the 7 cases with eosinophilia seemed attributable to underlying diseases or objective diseases. From the above it can be said that this preparation is a useful drug in mild bacterial diseases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Acetylcholine receptors and cholinesterase in developing chick skeletal muscle fibers.

The developmental changes in the distribution of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) and cholinesterase (ChE) were investigated in the posterior latissimus dorsi (PLD) muscle of chick embryos by double staining with rhodamine-labeled erabutoxin b (TMR-Eb) for AChRs and Karnovsky's method for ChE. During the development, the TMR-Eb and ChE positive areas changed in their shapes and sizes. In early stages, the TMR-Eb positive areas appeared as fine fluorescent dots of about 0.3 micrometer in diameter or small aggregates of such dots. These areas then became enlarged and exhibited the following sequential changes in their configuration: spindle-, round-, ring-, C- and finally tree-shaped. The transformation in the configuration of the areas appeared to be caused by the changes of the fluorescent dots in their number and distribution. Simultaneous staining with ChE revealed that at early stages the TMR-Eb positive areas were not stained with ChE, but then they were stained later. The ChE deposits usually accumulated at the borders of the TMR-Eb positive areas and thereby outlined them. Electron microscopy using horseradish peroxidase-labeled erabutoxin b revealed that the fluorescent dots represent the discrete regions of high AChR concentration at the muscle membrane.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Long-term administration of prostaglandin E1: report of two cases with tetralogy of Fallot and esophageal atresia.

The authors continuously administered prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) iv to 2 infants with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) and esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) for more than 30 days, and observed side effects which could be attributed to the long-term administration of PGE1. After division of the TEF and anastomosis of the esophagus, leakage from the anastomosis developed in both cases. Because of the infectious foci in the thorax, Blalock's procedure was postponed and PGE1 was continued for 49 and 37 days. The authors believe radiographs of long bones and ribs demonstrated cortical hyperosteosis in both cases. Bone abnormalities became apparent approximately 30 days after the start of PGE1 and were associated with increases in serum alkaline phosphatase (peak value of about 2000 IU/L). Roentgenographic changes reverted toward normal and alkaline phosphatase values decreased after the cessation of PGE1 in both cases.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1982

Circulatory responses to afterloading with phenylephrine in hyperdynamic sepsis.

We assessed cardiac function by acute pressure loading with phenylephrine in 7 patients who had hyperdynamic sepsis and in 8 patients who had heart disease. All patients with sepsis had a positive Limulus lysate teat, a septic focus, and a cardiac output (CO) greater than 6.0 L/min. Phenylephrine was given iv to elevate systolic arterial pressure by 30 mm Hg. Cardiac index (CI) and stroke index (SI) increased significantly in patients with hyperdynamic sepsis, whereas systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI) showed no change. In patients with heart disease, CI and SI decreased significantly, whereas SVRI increased significantly. The marked differences in response to phenylephrine by the two groups suggest lack of cardiac dysfunction in patients with hyperdynamic sepsis.

Aged↗
PubMed1982

New approach to regional anticoagulation in hemodialysis using gabexate mesilate (FOY).

Gabexate mesilate (FOY), a synthetic serine proteinase inhibitor, prevented and controlled bleeding during hemodialysis of 3 patients with active bleeding sites and/or hemorrhagic tendencies. The effectiveness of regional anticoagulation was evaluated by activated coagulation time (ACT). The ACTs of blood sampled from the outlet of dialyzer were significantly prolonged; however, systemic ACTs were almost normal. ACTs immediately after dialysis were not prolonged compared with those before dialysis. In 1 patients, renal function was improved after dialysis. No harmful side effects of FOY were observed. We consider FOY to be superior to other drugs for hemodialysis in that: (1) it can provide sufficient regional anticoagulation; (2) it has a very short half-life and need not be antagonized after dialysis; and (3) it can be used in patients with sepsis and/or disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) because it inhibits proteinase and also prevents platelet aggregation.

Aged↗