Recent advances in gastric cancer.
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Endoscopy↗
Biomedical subjects
Y Seto
Publications and source records attributed to Y Seto.
Nicotinamide derivatives as a new class of gastric (H+/K+)-ATPase inhibitors II. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 2[(2,4-dimethoxybenzyl)sulfinyl]-N-(4-pyridinyl)pyridine-3-carboxamides.
Members of a new series of 2-[(2,4-dimethoxybenzyl)sulfinyl]-N-(4-pyridinyl)pyridine-3-carboxamides were synthesized and evaluated for their gastric antisecretory activity and the ability to inhibit cytochrome P450-dependent O-dealkylation of 7-ethoxycoumarin (7-EC) in rat liver microsomes. Several of the compounds synthesized exhibited potent inhibitory activities against both [14C]aminopyrine accumulation stimulated by dibutyryl cyclic AMP in isolated rabbit parietal cells and histamine-induced gastric acid secretion in pylorus-ligated rats when administered intraduodenally; their inhibitory activities were equivalent to or superior to those of the parent compound [2- [(2,4-dimethoxybenzyl)sulfinyl]-N-(4-pyridinyl)pyridine-3-carboxamide] and omeprazole. Among the compounds having potent antisecretory activity in vitro and in vivo, 2-[(2,4-dimethoxybenzyl)sulfinyl]-N-(2,5-dimethyl-4-pyridinyl) pyridine-3-carboxamide and 2-[(2,4-dimethoxybenzyl)sulfinyl]-N-(2,6-dimethyl-4-pyridinyl)pyridine-3 - carboxamide in particular showed lower inhibitory activity against the 7-EC deethylase than omeprazole. It seems probable that, unlike omeprazole, these compounds do not interact with a metabolism of other drugs in vivo. These compounds, therefore, are considered to be more promising candidate agents for treating acid-related gastrointestinal disorders than the parent compound reported previously.
7-Alkoxycoumarin O-Dealkylase↗
Nicotinamide derivatives as a new class of gastric (H+/K+)-ATPase inhibitors. III. Synthesis and gastric antisecretory activity of 2-[(2- and 4-aminobenzyl, and alpha-methylbenzyl)sulfinyl]-N-(4-pyridinyl) -3-pyridinecarboxamides.
A new series of 2-[(2-aminobenzyl, 4-aminobenzyl, and alpha-methylbenzyl) sulfinyl]-N-(4-pyridinyl)-3-pyridinecarboxamides. was synthesized and evaluated for gastric antisecretory activities. Several of the compounds synthesized exhibited potent inhibitory activities against [14C]aminopyrine accumulation stimulated by dibutyryl cyclic AMP in isolated rabbit parietal cells and histamine-induced gastric acid secretion in pylorus-ligated rats by intraduodenal administration. In particular, the more polar diastereoisomer of 2-[(4-methoxy-alpha-methylbenzyl)sulfinyl] -N-(4-pyridinyl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide (13b) showed in vivo inhibitory activity equivalent or superior to that of omeprazole and was a more selective (H+/K+)-ATPase inhibitor than omeprazole.
Animals↗
Antinociceptive and antidepressant-like profiles of BL-2401, a novel enkephalinase inhibitor, in mice and rats.
To clarify the properties of BL-2401 ((+/-)-3-[2-benzyl-3-(propionylthio) propionyl]amino-5-methylbenzoic acid), a novel enkephalinase inhibitor, we examined its antinociceptive and antidepressant-like activities after oral administration, along with their association with endogenous opioid systems. BL-2401 produced an antinociceptive effect after oral administration in the mouse phenylbenzoquinone writhing test (ED50: 12.4 mg/kg) and the rat acetic acid writhing test (ED50: 55.8 mg/kg), the antinociceptive effect being antagonized by naloxone hydrochloride. BL-2401 also relieved arthritis-induced hyperalgesia in rats. In the mouse hot-plate and tail pressure tests, BL-2401 showed significant but modest antinociception at higher doses (200 and 400 mg/kg). In addition, BL-2401 (100 mg/kg) produced a naloxone-reversible antidepressant-like effect in the mouse forced swimming test. As for the mechanism of the action, the active metabolite of BL-2401, BL-2240 ((+/-)-3-(2-benzyl-3-mercaptopropionyl) amino-5-methylbenzoic acid), selectively inhibited enkephalinase in vitro (IC50: 5.2 nM). Oral administration of BL-2401 to mice significantly inhibited the enkephalinase activity in the striatum and also potentiated the antinociceptive effect of (D-Ala2,Met5)-enkephalin given intracisternally. These findings indicate that BL-2401 is an orally active enkephalinase inhibitor and may produce antinociceptive and antidepressant-like effects in association with endogenous opioid systems.
Administration, Oral↗
Relation between stable glycated hemoglobin A1C and plasma glucose levels in diabetes-model mice.
In an IDDM model mouse which was inoculated with a diabetogenic variant, DK-27, of encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus, the relation between a stable glycated hemoglobin A1C (St-HbA1C) level and plasma glucose level (PGL) in the progress of diabetes was studied. The St-HbA1C level and PGL were examined every 2 weeks for 10 weeks in normal male DBA/2 and IDDM-onset mice. PGLs of normal control mice did not change, but their St-HbA1C levels were slightly increased by 0.52 to 1.03%. On the other hand, in IDDM mice, their PGLs were greatly increased (> 400 mg/dl) and hyperglycemia was maintained throughout this observation period, with their St-HbA1C noticeably increased to 3.8% according to the progress of diabetes for 10 weeks. A highly significant correlation between St-HbA1C levels and averaged PGLs for the past weeks was found in IDDM mice. To examine the reflection of St-HbA1C levels to delicately varied PGLs, we also estimated both values in IDDM mice which were treated with insulin at a minimal effective dose once a day for 4 weeks. The St-HbA1C levels in insulin-injected IDDM mice were significantly lower than those in control IDDM mice. These findings suggest that the estimation of the St-HbA1C level is useful in following up blood glucose control in a long-term therapeutical study with small laboratory animals.
Animals↗
Prognostic significance of non-gastric malignancy after treatment of early gastric cancer.
BACKGROUND: The recurrence rate of early gastric cancer is low and so second malignancies developing after treatment of this cancer have potential prognostic significance. METHODS: Some 633 patients with early gastric cancer were studied. The median observation time was 123 months. To examine the characteristics of patients with early gastric cancer and subsequent malignancy, two groups of patients, those with and those without non-gastric malignancy, were compared using univariate analysis with respect to various clinicopathological factors. To determine which parameters were independently significant, computer-based multivariate discriminant function analysis was applied. To estimate the prognostic significance of non-gastric malignancy, death rates from these diseases in patients treated for early gastric cancer were compared with the mortality rates attributable to the same diseases in the general population of Japan. RESULTS: The frequency of other malignancies, 9.6 per cent (61 of 633), was significantly higher than those gastric cancer recurrence rate of 2.4 per cent (15 of 633). After treatment for early gastric cancer patients with subsequent non-gastric malignancy had a significantly poorer outcome than those free from other cancers. Lung cancers were the major neoplasms occurring after the treatment of early gastric cancer. Univariate and multivariate analysis revealed male sex to be an independent risk factor for the subsequent development of non-gastric malignancy. Comparison of mortality rates revealed that men with early gastric cancer have a higher risk of death from non-gastric malignancy than the general male population. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that systemic surveillance is particularly important for male patients after the treatment of early gastric cancer.
Age Factors↗
[Potentiating effect of ethanol on alpha 1 adrenergic receptor mediated contraction of thoracic aorta from guinea pig].
Using aortic strips isolated from guinea pigs, effects of ethanol on vascular smooth muscle tonus were studied. 50mM of ethanol significantly potentiated the contractions induced by norepinephrine and phenylephrine, but did not influence those induced by KCl and clonidine. Furthermore, ethanol significantly augmented the contraction induced by phenylephrine in the presence of verapamil, and did not have any effects on the contractions induced by A23187, Ba2+, PDBu and BAY K 8644. These results indicate that ethanol potentiates the alpha 1 adrenergic receptor-mediated contraction, depending on the extracellular calcium influx via the receptor-operated calcium channel.
Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗
Congenital metacarpal synostosis treated by longitudinal osteotomy and placement of a silicone wedge.
Three cases of congenital metacarpal synostosis are reported. Two had congenital synostosis between the fourth and fifth metacarpal, and one between the third and fourth metacarpal. Both hands were involved in the former cases, while only one unilateral hand was involved in the latter case. An abnormal abduction position of the finger was noted in early infancy, and this gradually progressed as the patients grew. Operations were performed between the ages of three to eleven years. Fused metacarpal bases were longitudinally osteotomized with a chisel, and a silicone wedge was inserted between the metacarpal bases. After the operation, the hand was immobilized with a plaster cast for four weeks. The follow-up periods range from two to sixteen years. The postoperative function and appearance of the hand were remarkably improved.
Child↗
Studies on the N-[(trans-4-isopropylcyclohexyl)-carbonyl]-D-phenylalanin e (A-4166)receptor in HIT T-15 cells. Displacement of [3H]glibenclamide.
A-4166 is a new type of oral hypoglycemic agent that does not contain a sulfonylurea moiety. To clarify the mechanism of insulin secretion by A-4166, a specific receptor for A-4166 was investigated in a hamster pancreatic beta cell line (HIT T-15), using [3H]A-4166 or [3H]glibenclamide as a ligand. The saturation binding of [3H]A-4166 to HIT cell membranes was not observed up to 10 microM. In the displacement study, unlabeled A-4166 inhibited [3H]A-4166 binding to HIT cell membranes, but glibenclamide did not. On the other hand, A-4166 inhibited [3H]glibenclamide binding to the sulfonylurea receptor (Ki = 248 nM). A-4166 inhibited 86Rb efflux from HIT cells (IC50 = 350 nM). The EC50 for insulin secretion by A-4166 was 20 microM in HIT cells when they were incubated for 30 min in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer containing 16 mM HEPES supplemented with 5 mg/mL BSA in the absence of glucose. These data demonstrate the possibility of the presence of two kinds of binding sites for A-4166: one of them is the sulfonylurea receptor, and the other might be a binding site specific for A-4166.
Animals↗
Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction detection and sequence analysis of small round-structured viruses in Japan.
Between 1985 and 1995, mass outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis caused by small round-structured virus (SRSV), occurred in eight prefectures in Japan. Fecal samples from 59 patients ill during these outbreaks were recently examined in our laboratory by electron microscopy (EM) and by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). For RT-PCR, we prepared two sets of primers, a set corresponding to the polymerase region of open reading frame 1 (ORF-1) and a set corresponding to the capsid region of ORF-2 of Norwalk virus (NV). The SRSV nucleic acid detection rate with these primers was more than double that achieved with EM. Most samples found by EM to contain virus particles were also positive by PCR. When the two sets of primers were used separately, the virus detection rate differed depending on the primer used, suggesting that the viral strains examined were not genetically not homogeneous. We then selected nine strains of the virus, cloned their PCR products and analyzed their base sequences. The base sequences of these strains were compared with those of reference strains including prototype NV and Snow Mountain agent (SMA). This comparison yielded the following findings: (1) SRSVs that cause mass outbreaks of gastroenteritis in Japan are genetically variable; (2) SRSV strains that are genetically similar to SMA and SRSV-OTH 25/89/J(OTH25) are dominant in Japan, but strains similar to NV are also present in this country; and (3) a strain (MI1/94) which is genetically identical to Southampton virus (SHV) was detected. Detection of SRSV using sensitive RT-PCR and analysis of the sequences of the amplification products seems to provide a useful means of studying the molecular epidemiology of SRSV.
Adult↗
Treatment of multiple early gastric cancer.
To investigate the treatment of multiple early gastric cancer, 82 cases were compared with 829 single early gastric cancers. Univariate analyses with respect to eight clinicopathological factors--age, sex, family history of gastric cancer, macroscopic appearance, histologic type, depth of tumor invasion, tumor location, and lymph node metastasis--were performed. Age, male sex, elevated and differentiated-type tumors, frequent occurrence in the lower third, and mucosal cancers were correlated significantly with multiple early gastric cancer. However, there was no significant difference in the frequency of node involvement. Multiple early gastric cancer, limited to the mucosal layer, was not associated with node involvement. Therefore, endoscopic mucosal resection may be feasible for the treatment of multiple early gastric cancer when there is no evidence of submucosal invasion in any of the lesions and none exceed 2.0 cm in diameter. Upon examination of the long-term results for patients with multiple early gastric cancer, two (3.0%, 2/66) had died of recurrence due to hematogenous spread, and one (1.9%, 1/52) had developed cancer of the remnant stomach. Other primary malignancies were observed in 12 patients (18.2%, 12/66). In particular, lung cancer was the major neoplasm occurring after gastrectomy. These results suggest the importance of systemic surveillance for the detection of other malignancies as well as cancer of the remnant stomach and recurrence after gastrectomy for multiple early gastric cancer.
Female↗
Stability and spontaneous production of blood cyanide during heating.
To investigate the effects of heat on blood cyanide concentrations, in vitro experiments were performed using a headspace gas chromatographic method. Cyanide concentrations were determined for solutions of human hemoglobin (Hb) at neutrality, and for blood which was sealed in a vial and incubated at 25, 50, 63, 75 and 90 degrees C for 1 h. Spontaneous cyanide production was also measured. Nearly all of the added cyanide was recovered in both the Hb and for blood samples which were heated below 63 degrees C. Cyanide recovery in Hb decreased in a temperature-dependent manner at temperatures above 75 degrees C, and more than half of the recovered cyanide was found to be in the free form. In contrast, cyanide in blood disappeared more rapidly, and a major portion of it existed in the bound form. Cyanide concentrations in Hb solutions which were heated at 90 degrees C dropped in the two phases; a rapid initial phase, followed by a slower process. Spontaneous cyanide production was observed at temperatures above 50 degrees C for Hb and above 63 degrees C for blood. Under optimal conditions (75 degrees C heating), about 0.2 mmol of cyanide was produced per mol heme of Hb.
Chromatography, Gas↗
Avascular necrosis and the Pavlik harness. The incidence of avascular necrosis in three types of congenital dislocation of the hip as classified by ultrasound.
We analysed the incidence of avascular necrosis in 101 hips of 90 infants with congenital dislocation treated with Pavlik harness and followed up for more than one year. Using ultrasonography in the flexed-abducted position the hips were classified as type A when the femora head was displaced posteriorly, but within the socket and making contact with the posterior inner wall of the acetabulum; type B when it was in contact with the posterior margin of the acetabulum, with its centre at this level or anterior to it; and type C when it was displaced out of the socket, with its centre posterior to the posterior rim of the acetabulum. Eighty-seven hips were reduced by the harness (86%), and seven of these developed avascular necrosis (8%). All 69 hips with type-A dislocation were reduced and only one (1.4%) showed slight avascular necrosis. Eighteen (78.3%) of 23 hips with type-B dislocation were reduced, and six developed avascular necrosis (33.3%). In one hip, the femoral head was severely damaged. None of the nine hips with type-C dislocation was reduced in the harness. We concluded that the Pavlik harness is indicated for type-A but not for type-B or type-C dislocations.
Contraindications↗
An autopsy case of traumatic sinus thrombosis.
A 38-year-old male slipped accidentally and fell from a height of 4.6 m, and was admitted to a hospital. A radiograph indicated a linear fracture of the parietal bone across the sagittal sutura, and a computed tomography scan of the head showed severe subdural hematoma on both parietal sides, so an operation was performed to remove the hematoma. Five hours after the operation, brain death due to a cerebral herniation occurred, and he died six days later. Autopsy revealed a linear fracture of the parietal bones, which crossed obliquely the sagittal sutura. A slightly lacerated wound of the dura mater was seen on the sagittal sutura, from where the latter half of that point to the left and right transverse sinuses were occluded completely with thrombosis. The brain was markedly swollen. From these findings, the victim was considered to have died from acute cerebral swelling due to traumatic thrombosis of the superior sagittal sinus.
Adult↗
Oxidative conversion of thiocyanate to cyanide by oxyhemoglobin during acid denaturation.
Human oxyhemoglobin (Hb-O2) converts thiocyanate to cyanide under acidic conditions, in a hemoglobin and thiocyanate concentration-dependent manner. Other naturally occurring hemoglobin derivatives and hematin did not result in cyanide-producing activity. Pre-denaturation completely destroyed cyanide production. In the presence of 10% phosphoric acid, 12 microM cyanide was produced by 1 mM Hb-O2 (per heme) and 1 mM thiocyanate. This conversion was observed over a wide range of acidic pH levels at 50 degrees C, with an optimal pH of 4. The production of cyanide under strong acidic conditions was completed within 1 s, while under weak acidic conditions (pH approximately 5) the production gradually increased for half an hour. Under both conditions, the time course for cyanide production coincided with the disappearance of this converting activity. Thiocyanate conversion by acidified Hb-O2 was completely suppressed by the addition of ascorbic acid, significantly suppressed by superoxide anion radical (O2-) scavengers or thiourea, but not effected by scavengers of hydroxyl radical, singlet oxygen, and protein radical. In addition to acidification, other processes for denaturation of Hb-O2 resulted in detectable production of cyanide, e.g., heating, extraction by organic solvents, and incubation with denaturating or oxidative reagents. These data suggest that O2- generated during Hb-O2 denaturation and also a hydroperoxyl radical converted under acidic conditions are the oxidizing species that convert thiocyanate to cyanide.
Biotransformation↗
The relationship of macroscopic shape of superficial esophageal carcinoma to depth of invasion and regional lymph node metastasis.
BACKGROUND: There has been considerable controversy with regard to surgical strategies for the treatment of superficial esophageal carcinoma, which is characterized by tumor confined within the epithelium (EP), muscularis mucosae (MM), or submucosa (SM). The relationships among macroscopic shape, depth of invasion, and lymph node involvement in superficial tumors were investigated to devise therapeutic strategies for patients with such disease. METHODS: Thirty-three patients with superficial primary esophageal cancer underwent esophagectomy with regional lymph node dissection (3 EP, 6 MM, and 24 SM). Tumors were divided into two types according to macroscopic characteristics: (1) tumors with elevated components and (2) flat or depressed tumors without an elevated component. RESULTS: Tumors with an elevated component (n = 19) showed invasion of the deep layer, and a high incidence of lymph node metastasis. Conversely, tumors without an elevated component (n = 14) showed varied depths of invasion, and, with one exception, had no lymph node involvement. CONCLUSIONS: The existence of an elevated component in superficial esophageal cancer is an important macroscopic feature suggesting submucosal invasion and a high probability of lymph node involvement. More intensive treatment should be adopted for such tumors, whereas localized resection may be feasible for tumors without an elevated component.
Esophageal Neoplasms↗
Molecular cloning of a 46-kilodalton surface antigen (P46) gene from Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae: direct evidence of CGG codon usage for arginine.
The DNA sequence of the gene encoding the early and specific 46-kDa surface antigen (P46) of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae has been determined. The P46 gene, encoding a putative lipoprotein, contained three TGA codons and a single CGG codon in a 1,257-bp open reading frame. Edman degradation of peptide fragments showed that at least one TGA codon encodes tryptophan and that the CGG codon, which has been reported to be nonsense or unassigned in other mycoplasmas, is used for arginine in M. hyopneumoniae.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Recombinant 46-kilodalton surface antigen (P46) of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae expressed in Escherichia coli can be used for early specific diagnosis of mycoplasmal pneumonia of swine by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
The 46-kDa surface antigen (P46) is the early and species-specific immunogenic protein of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Three TGA codons encoding tryptophan in the P46 gene were replaced with TGG by an in vitro mutagenesis technique. The mutated P46 gene was expressed in Escherichia coli by using the chelating peptide tag system. The purified recombinant P46 was successfully used in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies against M. hyopneumoniae in swine serum. It did not cross-react with sera from swine infected with Mycoplasma flocculate, Mycoplasma hyorhinis, or Mycoplasma hyosynoviae. With this method, mycoplasmal pneumonia of swine was detectable within 2 weeks after infection.
Amino Acid Sequence↗