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Biomedical subjects

Y Ohno

Publications and source records attributed to Y Ohno.

At least 271 records · Page 15Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

[Survey of patients with intractable diseases. Analyses of patients receiving financial aid for treatment].

The Research Committee of Epidemiology of Intractable Disease (Ministry of Health and Welfare, Japan) conducted a Nationwide survey of 34 intractable diseases with each of the 47 prefectural governments reporting information on all patients having any of 34 intractable diseases, and who received financial aid for the disease from April 1992 to March 1993. Information collected about each patient was the identification number, which included the disease code, sex, age, the code of the municipality where the patient lived, the medical institution which treated the patient, and the department where the patient was treated. The results can be summarized as follows: 1) The total number of patients who received financial aid for disease was 247,726 (Male 93,251 Female 154,274) for a sex ratio of 0.60, and 61.7% of patients were between 40 and 69 years of age. Of 109,387 patients whose status could be confirmed regarding either outpatient or inpatient, 13.5 percent were inpatients. Of the patients, 47,222 (53.0%) were treated in departments of internal medicine. 2) Of all 34 intractable diseases, the greatest number receiving aid were patients with systemic lupus erythematosus with 35,690 receiving aid between April 1992 and March 1993. Of new patients commencing financial aid between April 1992 and March 1993, the largest group was patients with ulcerative colitis with 5,361. 3) The numbers of patients and those who started receiving the aid in the observed one year was larger than those in 1984 and 1988. The increase in numbers between 25 and 34 years of age was remarkable. By age group, the largest number of patients became older within the 8 years from 1984 to 1992.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Ferrokinetics].

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Anemia↗
PubMed1997

[Comparison of effects between single vs five-day injection of granisetron for combination chemotherapy with cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil for head and neck cancer].

Recently, granisetron (KYT), one of the 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, has been developed and proved to have a strong effect for cisplatin (CDDP)-induced emesis. The combination chemotherapy with CDDP and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), which has great efficacy for head and neck cancer, induces nausea and vomiting as side effects. We compared the effects of KYT for CDDP plus 5-FU-induced emesis between two administration schedules. Forty patients were randomized to two groups. KYT was administered either on day 1 for twenty patients (Group A), or for consecutive 5 days in another twenty patients (Group B). Additional antiemetics were administered in thirteen patients in Group A and seven patients in Group B for severe nausea and vomiting even after KYT administration. The times of additional antiemetics administration were more frequent in Group B. The nausea score was statistically lower in Group B and the duration of nausea or vomiting was statistically longer in Group A. The frequency of vomiting was the same in the two groups on day 1, but it was controlled faster in Group B. Appetite loss was lower on day 7 in Group B. It was concluded that vomit and nausea were controlled better in Group B after day 4. Additional antiemetics were not effective, and 5 consecutive administrations of KYT for chemotherapy with CDDP plus 5-FU was effective for late emesis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

[Evaluation of therapeutic effect using enhanced MRI in lung cancer: evaluation of methods in terms of necrosis].

To evaluate therapeutic effect in terms of necrosis or cavity, enhanced MRI was performed in 40 lung cancer patients treated by conservative therapy. We provided the reduction ratio of the viable tumor as calculated by a volume method and a cross-sectional method. In the volume method, the volume of necrosis was subtracted from the volume of the tumor, and in the cross-sectional method, the product of the longest diameter and widest perpendicular diameter of necrosis was subtracted from the product of the longest diameter and widest perpendicular diameter of the tumor. We then examined whether we could substitute the cross-sectional method for the volume method. The reduction ratios of viable tumor calculated by the two methods were in good correlation. The limits of agreement of each method and their repeatability coefficients were considered small enough for clinical use. Therefore, we concluded that the cross-sectional method could be used in place of the volume method for clinical purposes. In evaluating therapeutic effect in terms of necrosis when using contrast-enhanced MR imaging, the reduction ratio of the viable tumor determined by the cross-sectional method can be substituted for that determined by the volume method.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

[Development of index of social activities for the elderly].

In order to develop indices of social activities for the elderly, two surveys with 2 year intervals were conducted on the same 5,201 elderly subjects in four areas in Japan using a self-administered questionnaire. Social activities were defined as "activities which required contact with society" and were measured by 4 major facets of social activities, which were based on 21 questions relating to job activity, socially-plated activities, learning activities, and personal activities. The results were as follows; 1. The Wilcoxon scores in indices for 4 facets were given in sex and age groups. 2. Means of scores of indices increased with the degree of social activities from a subjective judgment. 3. Rank correlation coefficients between indices in two surveys were 0.60-0.71 for the persons whose answers were "no" to the question "did degrees of your activities change over the two years?" 4. Differences between indices in two surveys were higher in the persons with answers of "increase" to the above question than those with answers of "no", and were lower in those with answers of "decrease". These findings suggest that indices are available for assessing social activities as indicated by the reproducibility, validity and responsiveness found in this study.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1997

Potential role of 5-HT2 and D2 receptor interaction in the atypical antipsychotic action of the novel succimide derivative, perospirone.

The pharmacological profile of the novel serotonin-dopamine antagonists (SDA)-type antipsychotic, perospirone, was compared with other SDA and typical antipsychotics, and a potential role of 5-HT2 and D2 receptor interaction in the atypical antipsychotic property of SDA was discussed based on the findings with selective 5-HT2 antagonists. Our study revealed that perospirone, like other SDA, differed from the typical antipsychotics by exhibiting 1) putative anxiolytic and/or antidepressant actions in some animal models (e.g., conditioned fear stress-induced freezing model and rat social interaction), 2) reduced extrapyramidal side effects (EPS) liability (catalepsy and bradykinesia induction), 3) weaker blocking actions at striatal D2 receptors as revealed by c-fos expression and dopamine turnover and 4) lower propensity to induce supersensitivity of dopamine receptors after repeated treatments (e.g., dopamine agonist-induced stereotyped behavior and vacuous chewing movement). The 5-HT2 antagonists mimicked the action of SDA antipsychotics in the animal models of mood disorder. In addition, combined treatments of 5-HT2 antagonists with typical antipsychotic could attenuate EPS induction and striatal c-fos expression associated with D2 receptor blockade, and could prevent the sensitization of D1 receptor function after repeated treatments. These findings suggest that the blockage of 5-HT2 receptors contributes to the broad efficacy profile of SDA (i.e., antipsychotic and mood stabilizing actions) and may counteract the D2 (and/or D1) blocking activities of antipsychotics in the striatum to reduce EPS.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Village health and sanitary profile from eastern hilly region, Nepal .

A report on the health and sanitary status from Boya Village Development Committee (VDC) is presented as studied by a team of Nepali and Japanese investigators in 1996 and 1997. The purpose of this study was to find out the health and sanitary status in a remote hilly village in eastern Nepal. Data were collected from questionnaire and from a temporary field clinic. The number of households having latrine increased significantly (P < 0.05) in one year period but without significant impact on the reduction of intestinal helminth infection (P > 0.05). Ascaris lumbricoides was the commonest intestinal parasite followed by hookworm and others. Public piped water was accessible to 32.6% households while remaining 48.4% and 19.0% were using Dhara (natural tap) and Kuwa (sallow well) water, respectively. No association between the type of water source and gastro-enteritis was observed. The overall hygienic condition was poor. More than half of the residents first consult Dhami-Jhankri and Bijuwa (traditional/faith/shamanic healer) and believe on Devi-Deuta (local deities/divine spirit) and Bhut-Pret and/or Bayu (devils) and Boksi (witch) instead of visiting Health Post. Approximately one quarter of residents were smoker while two-third had habit of drinking alcohol. Medical complaint rate significantly increased from 59.6% in the year 1996 to 71.2% in 1997 (P < 0.01) and was attributed to conjunctivitis epidemic during second visit. Majority of complaints were gastrointestinal. People belonging to Tibeto-Burman ethnic group were found to consume meat relatively more frequently than Indo-Aryan.

Chi-Square Distribution↗
PubMed1997

[Significance of ICH--toxicokinetics guidance and its practice--a useful approach for safety drug development].

In the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH), "Note for Guidance on Toxicokinetics: the Assessment of Systemic Exposure in Toxicity Studies (ICH Harmonized Tripartite Guideline)" was signed off in October 1994 by 6 parties of Japan, EU and the United States. The Ministry of Health and Welfare, Japan, has issued the notification "Upon the Guidance for Toxicokinetics (Assessment of Systemic Exposure in Toxicity Studies)" (Yakushin No. 443 dated July 2, 1996). The notification stated that pivotal toxicity study which initiates on and after January 1st, 1997 should includes appropriate Toxicokinetic study. In the ICH Guidance for pharmaceuticals, TK is defined as the generation of pharmacokinetic data, either as an integral component in the conduct of non-clinical toxicity studies or in specially designed supportive studies, in order to assess systemic exposure. These data may be used in the interpretation of toxicology findings and their relevance to clinical safety issues. TK study is considered to be indispensable for safety assessment, and thus should be conducted in compliance with the GLP regulations. The ICH guidance also emphasizes that the exposure assessment in individual toxicity studies should be based on a flexible and step by step and a case by case decision making process. In this review article, the background for the introduction of this TK Guidance, the outline of the ICH-TK Guidance, the definition and fundamental principles of the ICH-TK, and its toxicological significance and practical problems in the conduct of TK study are described.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Partial purification and characterization of serum embryotrophic factor required for early postimplantation growth of rat embryos in culture.

Serum embryotrophic factor (SEF) required for the growth of cultured postimplantation rat embryos was partially purified from rat serum. Rabbit serum was used as a basal medium for the embryo culture, and embryotrophic activity was measured as embryonic protein increase. For partial purification of SEF, the rat serum globulin fraction obtained by ultracentrifugation and (NH4)2SO4 precipitation was fractionated by gel filtration, diethylaminoethyl ion-exchange chromatography, and hydroxyapatite chromatography. Partially purified SEF was characterized by stability tests and affinity chromatography. SEF was inactivated by heat, acid, dithiothreitol reduction, or trypsin digestion. SEF bound to concanavalin A but not to heparin. These results indicated that SEF was an acid-labile acidic glycoprotein with disulphide bonds and no affinity for heparin. The M(r) of SEF was estimated to be about 180 x 10(3) by gel filtration. The specific activity (U/g protein) was increased about 25-fold with 9.4% recovery by the partial purification, when 1 U of SEF was defined as the amount giving 50% embryonic protein increase. By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, a protein most likely to be SEF was identified as a heterodimer composed of subunits of M(r) 116 x 10(3) and 62 x 10(3) linked by disulphide bonds, and was shown to be contained in the medium at micromolar concentrations. SEF appeared to be distinct from known protein embryotrophic factors, growth factors, or cytokines.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Inhibition by antipsychotic drugs of L-type Ca2+ channel current in PC12 cells.

Inhibition by antipsychotic drugs of voltage-gated L-type Ca2+ channels was characterized in rat neuronal cell line pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. Under whole-cell voltage-clamp, haloperidol and chlorpromazine (1-100 microM) inhibited Ba2+ current permeating through Ca2+ channels. Fluspirilene and pimozide the Ba2+ current at lower concentrations (fluspirilene, 0.1 pM to 1 nM; pimozide 10 pM to 1 microM). Effects of dopamine receptor antagonists and calmodulin antagonists were tested because antipsychotic drugs are known to exhibit these pharmacological activities. Sulpiride (1 and 10 microM), an antagonist to dopamine D2 receptors, and SCH-23390 (R(+)-7-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-l-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3- benzazepine; 1 and 10 microM), an antagonist to dopamine D1 receptors, also inhibited the Ba2+ current. As for calmodulin antagonists, W-7 (N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide; 10 and 100 microM) as well as calmidazolium (10 nM to 1 microM) reduced the Ba2+ current. The inhibition by haloperidol or fluspirilene of the Ba2+ current was not affected when GTP in intracellular solution was replaced with GDP beta S. These properties of the Ca2+ channel inhibition are discussed by comparing with those of the K+ channel inhibition and in relation to therapeutic relevance.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Genetic linkage of the sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-dependent ATPase II gene to intracellular Ca2+ concentration in the spontaneously hypertensive rat.

A cosegregation analysis of sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-dependent ATPase (SERCA) II genotype, systolic blood pressure and platelet intracellular Ca2+ concentration was performed to dissect polygenic hypertensive traits in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Backcross analysis between spontaneously hypertensive rats and normotensive. Donryu rats demonstrated the existence of an inferred single major gene locus (ht). Thrombin-stimulated intraplatelet Ca2+ concentration was significantly higher in the SERCA II homozygotes than in the heterozygotes. The SERCA II genotype did not cosegregate with the blood pressure level. The SERCA II gene was assigned to rat chromosome 12. These results suggest that the SERCA II gene on rat chromosome 12 contributes to increased thrombin-stimulated intraplatelet Ca2+ concentration and that the SERCA II gene is not identical to ht.

Animals↗