Biomedical subjects

Y Moriya

Publications and source records attributed to Y Moriya.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources

PubMed1997

Limitations and pitfalls of transrectal ultrasonography for staging of rectal cancer.

PURPOSE: This study was designed to evaluate the accuracy of preoperative staging by transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) and to clarify the limitations and pitfalls of TRUS by clinicopathologic analysis for staging errors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Results of TRUS for 164 consecutive patients with rectal cancer were compared prospectively with histopathologic findings according to the newest TNM classification. Clinicopathologic factors that may influence staging errors were analyzed by reviewing both resected specimens and hard copies of TRUS. RESULTS: There were 13 patients histopathologically staged as pTis, 21 as pT1, 34 as pT2, 84 as pT3, 12 as pT4, 73 as pN0, and 91 as pN1-3. Of these, 85, 86, 56, 93, 75, 74, and 77 percent, respectively, were correctly staged by TRUS. Excluding 12 cases with incomplete examinations because of annular constricting tumors, overstaging of tumor invasion depth was mostly caused by tumor invasion close to the deeper uninvolved layer, inflammatory cell aggregation, desmoplastic change, and hypervascularity around the tumor, mimicking tumor invasion on TRUS. The understaging was mostly the result of microscopic invasion beyond the estimated layers and difficulties in examination because of the tumor location being close to the anal canal or on the Houston's valves or the tumor shapes being polypoid or bulky and fungating. Overstaging in lymph node status was caused by reactive lymph node swelling and understaging by the presence of only small involved node and metastasis in the extramesorectal nodes. CONCLUSIONS: An awareness of the limitations and pitfalls of TRUS, as demonstrated by the present study, should improve staging accuracy and contribute to optimum clinical decision-making.

Endosonography↗

PubMed1997

Importance of extended lymphadenectomy with lateral node dissection for advanced lower rectal cancer.

A total of 448 patients with advanced lower rectal cancer who underwent curative wide lymphadenectomy with autonomic nerve preservation were reviewed with respect to surgical techniques, operative burdens, node status, survival rate, and mode of recurrence. Operative time and blood loss in patients who underwent lateral dissection were much greater than those encountered with conventional resection. According to the direction of lymphatic spread in patients with Dukes C disease, the incidence of upward spread was 94% and lateral spread 27%. The overall incidence of lateral metastasis was 14%. The overall 5-year survival was 70%. According to the Dukes classification, the 5-year survival rates were 92% for Dukes A, 79% for Dukes B, and 55% for Dukes C, whereas it was 43% in patients with lateral node metastasis. An analysis of the survival rate was carried out with regard to the number of node metastases, direction of lymphatic spread, and autonomic nerve preservation. The overall incidence of local recurrence was 9.3% and amounted to 16.0% in patients with Dukes C disease. The case of advanced lower rectal cancer was characterized by positive lymph nodes or circular lesions around the circumference (both diagnosed by endorectal ultrasonography). We recommend extended lymphadenectomy with lateral node dissection, as it preserves the autonomic nerve.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Preventive effect of a novel antifolate, MX-68, in murine systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

We evaluated the preventive effects of a novel nonpolyglutamatable antifolate, MX-68, on two experimental murine models of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); NZBxNZW F1 (BWF1) mice and chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) mice, in comparison with classical antifolate methotrexate (MTX). The oral administration of 2 mg/kg MX-68, three times a week from 12 to 40 or 60 weeks of age, significantly delayed the onset of proteinuria and prolonged the life-span of BWF1 mice. The elevation of serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and cholesterol levels resulting from the development of lupus nephritis was also inhibited. However, MX-68 did not suppress the increase of serum anti-DNA or anti-TNP antibodies or total IgG isotype (IgG1, IgG2 and IgG3) levels. In chronic GVHD mice, MX-68 given three times a week from the day of first cell injection, for 9 weeks, dose-dependently delayed the appearance of proteinuria. The elevation of BUN and cholesterol levels was also inhibited. Furthermore, in the 4 mg/kg MX-68 group, the production of IgG anti-DNA and anti-TNP antibodies was significantly inhibited, but this was not observed in the 2 mg/kg MX-68 and the 4 mg/kg MTX groups. These beneficial effects of MX-68 were much greater than those of MTX in both models. These results suggest that MX-68 might be a more useful drug for the treatment of SLE.

2-Aminoadipic Acid↗

PubMed1997

Sclerosing sweat duct carcinoma in the peri-anal skin: a case report.

We report a case of sclerosing sweat duct carcinoma, a rare tumor, occurring in the peri-anal skin, a rare position. The patient, a 41-year-old Japanese woman, was admitted to our hospital with recurrence of sclerosing sweat duct carcinoma in the peri-anal skin, which had been initially resected at a local hospital. She underwent abdomino-perineal resection. No lymph node metastases or distant metastases were found. Although we allowed a 2-cm resection margin around the tumor, microscopy showed that the tumor had extended to within 2 mm of this margin at several sites, indicating that sclerosing sweat duct carcinoma is locally aggressive. An ample resection margin should therefore be taken at initial surgery for this type of tumor. Moreover, surgical excision that is wider and deeper than primary excision is required when this tumor recurs.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

A pilot study of multimodality therapy for initially unresectable liver metastases from colorectal carcinoma: hepatic resection after hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy and portal embolization.

The prognosis of patients with unresectable liver metastases is poor, even if hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAI) or systemic chemotherapy is administered. A pilot study was performed to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of multimodality therapy with hepatectomy after HAI and portal embolization for such patients. Eight patients with colorectal carcinoma and synchronous unresectable liver metastases underwent resection of the primary tumor and placement of a pump, followed by HAI with 5-fluorouracil and mitomycin C. Owing to shrinkage of the liver metastases, two patients could undergo extended right hepatic lobectomy after portal embolization, which was deemed to be essential to prevent post-operative hepatic failure. The median survival time of the eight patients was 30 months, with a response rate of 75%. Complications including sclerosing cholangitis and duodenal ulcer were observed in five patients (63%). Additional hepatectomy could be performed successfully after portal embolization without morbidity in two patients. These two patients are still alive more than 6 years after initiation of HAI and have been free of disease for more than 5 years after hepatectomy. Hepatectomy after HAI and portal embolization is feasible and may be an option to cure selected patients with initially unresectable liver metastases.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

A novel antifolate, MX-68, inhibits the development of autoimmune disease in MRL/lpr mice.

We compared a novel unpolyglutamable antifolate, MX-68, with polyglutamable antifolate, methotrexate (MTX), for treatment of an autoimmune kidney disease which develops spontaneously in MRL/Mp-lpr/lpr (MRL/lpr) mice. Oral administration of either MX-68 or MTX was commenced in 8-week-old female mice and continued 3 times a week until they reached 30 weeks of age. MX-68 delayed the onset of proteinuria and prolonged life span dose-dependently. Furthermore, it suppressed the elevation of serum blood urea nitrogen and cholesterol levels. MX-68 was as effective as MTX at ameliorating events which accompany the development of lupus nephritis, despite that MX-68 did not undergo polyglutamation. These ameliorative effects of MX-68 and MTX did not occur via inhibition of either autoantibody production or cell proliferation. Neither compound suppressed age-dependent elevation of immune complexes or antibodies for single-stranded DNA and TNP in serum nor did they influence the associated enlargement of lymph nodes and spleen. We conclude that MX-68 is beneficial for the treatment of autoimmune kidney disease in mice and may be useful for other related diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus.

2-Aminoadipic Acid↗

PubMed1997

[Sphincter saving procedure for low rectal carcinoma].

Sphincter saving procedure (SSP) was applied when, for tumor which were a localized type and well or moderate differentiated adenocarcinoma, distal clearance margin (AW) more than 2 cm was obtained and when, for tumor which was a infiltrated type or adenocarcinoma with other pathological grades, AW more than 3 cm was obtained. Between 1984 and 1993, 209 patients with rectal carcinomas, the lower border of which was located below the peritoneal reflexion, underwent curative surgery: SSP in 114 and abdominoperineal resection (APR) in 95. The APR group included more advanced cases both in the depth of invasion and in lymph node metastases (p = 0.011, p = 0.059, respectively). During the median follow-up of 68.6 months, recurrent tumors were developed in 17.5% of the SSP and in 30.5% of the APR (p = 0.027). The patients with SSP showed better prognosis than those with APR(p = 0.0007), with the 5 year survival rate of 80.2% and 70.0%, respectively. The difference may be due to higher incidence of hematogenous metastases in the APR (26.3%) than in the SSP (13.2%). There was no difference in local recurrences between them. When function after SSP was compared with that after anterior resection for middle or upper rectal carcinomas, no difference was observed between them, although most patients of the both groups complained of increased frequency of defecation and occasional soiling. The criteria of SSP for low located rectal carcinoma may be adequate with the acceptable oncological outcome, but altered function after SSP should be improved.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed1996

Pelvic autonomic nerve preservation for patients with rectal carcinoma. Oncologic and functional outcome.

BACKGROUND: Serious problems in the surgical treatment of patients with rectal carcinoma are local failure and urinary and sexual dysfunction. To resolve these problems, pelvic autonomic nerve preservation (PANP) combined with lateral lymph note dissection has been introduced. METHODS: Of 238 consecutive patients with middle or low rectal carcinoma who underwent potentially curative surgery between 1987 and 1992, 214 underwent PANP according to pre- and intraoperative staging. PANP was evaluated from the perspectives of oncologic outcome and urinary and male sexual function with a retrospective questionnaire in a group of patients followed prospectively. RESULTS: During the median follow-up of 53 months, local recurrence developed in 5.6% of patients; no local recurrence was observed in Dukes Stage A or Dukes Stage B patients. The 5-year survival rates of Dukes Stage A (n = 55), Dukes Stage B (n = 72), and Dukes Stage C (n = 87) patients were 96.4%, 84%, and 67.3%, respectively. Of patients undergoing preservation of the unilateral pelvic plexus alone, 93.5% maintained the ability to void spontaneously. Of patients who had complete preservation of the autonomic nerve system, 70.4% maintained male sexual function, and of patients who had removal of the hypogastric nerves and preservation of the pelvic nerve plexuses, 66.7%, were capable of erection and intercourse without normal ejaculation. CONCLUSIONS: Early stage rectal carcinoma should be treated both with local cure and complete preservation of urinary and sexual function. In high risk patients with suspected perirectal lymph node metastases and tumors invading the perirectal fat, the appropriate PANP should be applied with consideration of the balance between achieving a cure and preserving autonomic function.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Cancer cell morphology at the invasive front and expression of cell adhesion-related carbohydrate in the primary lesion of patients with colorectal carcinoma with liver metastasis.

BACKGROUND: Liver metastasis from colorectal carcinoma is an important problem in surgical treatment and profoundly affects the prognosis of patients. If it were possible to identify characteristic features in the primary lesion strongly related to liver metastasis, these could be used as prognostic markers for liver metastasis. To search for such features, the primary lesions of patients with colorectal carcinoma with liver metastasis were investigated. METHODS: Three groups of colorectal carcinoma were examined: Group A with synchronous liver metastases; Group B with only lymph node metastases without recurrence for 5 years; and Group C with recurrence of liver metastases. Groups A and B included 24 cases and Group C, 20. We focused on cancer cell morphology at the invasive front and expression of sialyl Lewis X (sialyl Lex) in the primary cancer. RESULTS: At the invasive front in Group A it was frequently found that polygonal, not columnar, cancer cells with a single or solitary trabecular form with indistinct polarity, showed an infiltrative growth pattern. This type of morphology was termed "focal dedifferentiation" and graded four levels. Eleven of 24 cases (46%) had severe focal dedifferentiation in Group A, 1 of 24 (4%) in Group B, and 6 of 20 (30%) in Group C. Sialyl Lex staining was positive in 12 of 24 cases (50%) in Group A, in 3 of 24 cases (13%) in Group B, and in 7 of 20 cases (35%) in Group C in the primary carcinoma. In respect to the staining of (sialyl Lex) at focal dedifferentiation, it was positive in 17 of 24 cases (71%) in Group A, in 4 of 24 cases (17%) in Group B and in 11 of 20 cases (55%) in Group C. Focal dedifferentiation and sialyl Lex staining in the primary cancer showed a significant difference between Groups A and B. Sialyl Lex staining at focal dedifferentiation showed a significant difference between Groups A and B and Groups B and C. Other adhesion related molecules, sialyl LeA and CEA, showed no difference among Groups A, B, and C. CONCLUSIONS: Both focal dedifferentiation and expression of sialyl Lex antigen in the primary lesion are considered good markers for assessing the metastatic proclivity of colorectal cancer.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

In vitro and in vivo biological activities of a novel nonpolyglutamable anti-folate, MX-68.

MX-68 is a newly synthesized anti-folate, chemically designed not to undergo intracellular polyglutamation and to have increased affinity to dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). In the present study, we examined the in vitro and in vivo biological activities of MX-68 compared with methotrexate (MTX) which forms several polyglutamates intracellularly. MX-68 dose-dependently inhibited the proliferation of PHA-, anti-CD3-, or PMA plus ionomycin-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and endothelial cells (EC) from normal subjects as well as IL-1 beta- or TNF alpha-stimulated synovial fibroblastic cells (SC) from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Coaddition of folinic acid completely reversed the anti-proliferative effects of both MX-68 and MTX. Although the anti-proliferative activities of MX-68 were almost comparable to those of MTX, the washout study clearly showed the characteristic nature of MX-68. When drugs were removed during culture, the suppressive effect of MX-68 completely disappeared, whereas suppression by MTX was merely weakened. MX-68 dramatically suppressed the onset of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice when the drug was orally administered three times a week. starting from the day of first immunization. In this model, 2 mg/kg of MX-68 was sufficient to completely suppress arthritis, whereas suppression by the same dose of MTX was partial. These lines of evidence suggest that polyglutamation is not always a prerequisite in the anti-rheumatic effects of anti-folate. In addition, since intracellular accumulation of polyglutamates is thought to have adverse effects, MX-68 may become a more potent and less toxic anti-rheumatic drug than MTX.

2-Aminoadipic Acid↗

PubMed1996

IL-6-soluble IL-6 receptor complex inhibits the proliferation of dermal fibroblasts.

A number of investigators has reported that there is increased production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) by fibroblasts and monocytes from the patients with systemic sclerosis (SS). However, the precise role of IL-6 in the pathogenesis of SS remains unclear. On the basis of our previous study showing that the complex of IL-6 and soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) could induce synovial fibroblast proliferation, we examined whether the IL-6-sL-6R complex could induce the proliferation of normal dermal fibroblastic cells (DF). IL-6 suppressed DF proliferation, and, in the presence of sIL-6R, dose-dependently showed much stronger suppressive effects on DF proliferation. This suppression was completely blocked by either anti-IL-6 or anti-sIL-6R antibody. Furthermore, the IL-6-sIL-6R complex significantly suppressed IL-1 beta-, TNF alpha- and PDGF-AA-induced DF proliferation. These lines of evidence suggest that the IL-6-sIL-6R complex may have potential as a useful agent for the treatment of SS.

Antigens, CD↗

PubMed1996

Four-year follow-up study of temporomandibular joint arthroscopic surgery for advanced stage internal derangements.

PURPOSE: This study evaluated the long-term outcome after temporomandibular joint (TMJ) arthroscopic surgery for patients with internal derangement with stage V disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifteen female patients (24 TMJs) who underwent arthroscopic surgery were evaluated by a questionnaire preoperatively and postoperatively 3 to 5 years later (mean: 4 years, 2 months). The questionnaires consisted of a visual analog scale, pain and jaw dysfunction scores, and self-measured interincisal opening. Clinical examination and conventional radiographic evaluation were done in nine patients (13 joints). Postoperative magnetic resonance imaging was done in two patients (3 joints). RESULTS: All post-treatment scores showed a statistically significant improvement, although joint noise remained in some patients. The radiographic examination revealed mild to moderate degenerative changes, but no abnormal resorption was detected. The surgical success rate was 93.3%. CONCLUSION: Arthroscopic surgery is a useful, minimal invasive, surgical procedure for advanced stage internal derangement of the TMJ.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Transrectal ultrasonography of a small rectal carcinoid tumor with lymph node metastasis: a case report.

A 27-year-old woman with a small rectal carcinoid tumor was examined by transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) for preoperative staging. TRUS revealed regional lymph node involvement, in addition to a 10-mm hypoechoic tumor invading into not through, the submucosa. The lymph node involvement was confirmed preoperatively by TRUS-guided needle biopsy. Although the digital examination findings indicated local excision was appropriate, in accordance with TRUS and TRUS-guided biopsy findings, the patient underwent radical surgery. The TRUS findings of lymph node involvement and depth of invasion were confirmed histologically. The patient is alive and disease-free 35 months postoperatively. These observations suggest that TRUS reveals the regional lymph node involvement and the depth of invasion of rectal carcinoid tumors accurately and, therefore, helps in selecting appropriate treatment.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Prognosis of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) and the role of Japanese criteria for HNPCC.

In 1991, the Japan Research Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum proposed clinical criteria (Japanese criteria) for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). According to the Japanese and Amsterdam criteria, three groups of patients are defined: 1) those diagnosed as having HNPCC using the Amsterdam criteria (Amsterdam HNPCC); 2) those classified as Japanese criteria category A (putative HNPCC-A) and 3) those classified as Japanese criteria category B (putative HNPCC-B). In order to evaluate the prognosis of HNPCC and the role of the Japanese criteria, the clinicopathological characteristics, recurrence and survival rates of Amsterdam HNPCC (n 14) and putative HNPCC-A (n 31) and B (n 100) patients were studied, and compared with those of patients with sporadic colorectal cancer (controls, n 1604). The Amsterdam clinicopathological characteristics and those of putative HNPCC were the same as those reported previously. Neither local nor distant recurrences were observed in the Amsterdam HNPCC and putative HNPCC-A during a median follow-up period of 137 months. The 5-year survival rates of the Amsterdam HNPCC, putative HNPCC-A, B, and control patients were 92.3%, 81.2%, 66.5% and 60.0%, respectively, and those of the former two groups were significantly better than those of the others (P<0.05). These results show that the prognosis of HNPCC is better than that of sporadic colorectal cancer, and that the Japanese criteria, especially for category A, can be used to select putative HNPCC patients from among those with sporadic colorectal cancers.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Detection of K-ras point mutations in mesenteric venous blood from colorectal cancer patients by enriched polymerase chain reaction and single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis.

In order to confirm the presence of cancer cells in mesenteric venous blood and to examine their relationship with the occurrence of liver metastases, we attempted to detect K-ras codon 12 point mutations in perioperative mesenteric blood using enriched polymerase chain reaction and single-strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) analysis in 25 patients with primary colorectal tumors carrying K-ras point mutations. Among these patients, three with synchronous liver metastases were included. The same K-ras point mutation (substitution of GAT for GGT) was detected in both the blood and the primary tumor in a Dukes' C patient. We confirmed this result by colony hybridization and estimated the tumor-to-normal cell ratio to be 1:400. This patient has no liver metastases two years after surgery and her carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level remains normal. We demonstrated that considerable numbers of cancer cells can be found in mesenteric venous blood during colorectal cancer surgery. However, their potential role in the formation of liver metastases remains unclear.

Colorectal Neoplasms↗

PubMed1996

Successful radical surgery for an undifferentiated gallbladder carcinoma with lymph node metastases to the mesocolon.

We report successful radical systematic surgery for an undifferentiated gallbladder carcinoma with metastasis to the mesocolonic lymph nodes. The patient, a 70-year-old woman, was admitted with abdominal fullness and appetite loss. Imaging modalities revealed a 10-cm tumor originating from the gallbladder and infiltrating both the liver and transverse colon. As multiple mesocolonic lymph node metastasis was confirmed on laparotomy, right hemicolectomy with systematic lymph node dissection (D3 resection) was performed, in addition to extended cholecystectomy with partial resection of segments 4, 5 and 6 of the liver and distal gastrectomy. Histologically, the tumor was diagnosed as an undifferentiated carcinoma, and metastases were indentified in the mesocolonic lymph nodes (17/50 nodes) but not in the peri-gallbladder lymph nodes (0/16 nodes). The patient has been recurrence-free for 4 years after the operation. This case illustrates that even if gallbladder cancer infiltrates into adjacent organs with regional lymph node metastasis, it is of value to perform radical surgery with systematic lymph node dissection for the involved organs.

Aged↗

PubMed1995

Patterns of recurrence after nerve-sparing surgery for rectal adenocarcinoma with special reference to loco-regional recurrence.

PURPOSE: Since the early 1980s to relieve functional disturbances after rectal excision, we have been performing nerve-sparing surgery for rectal cancer. The aim of this study was to analyze patterns of recurrences, especially concerning causes of local ones. Furthermore, we would like to address the criteria we used in patient selection to effect successful nerve-sparing surgery. METHODS: From 1982 to 1991, 306 patients underwent nerve-sparing operations, which may be categorized into three types: 1) total autonomic nerve preservation (125 cases), 2) complete pelvic nerve preservation (105 cases), and 3) partial pelvic nerve preservation with removal of parasympathetic nerve (79 cases). Single and multivariant regression analyses were conducted to investigate patterns of recurrence, especially causes of local ones. RESULTS: Sixty-five patients (21 percent) developed recurrent tumors, 19 of which (6.2 percent) were local. Using Dukes terms, there were five patients with Dukes A 13 with Dukes B, and 47 (35 percent) with Dukes C stages. Rate of local recurrences was 13 percent in patients with Dukes C tumor. According to single-variant analysis of Dukes C patients, the following factors are thought to influence local recurrences: number of lymph nodes metastases, level of primary growth, and direction of lymphatic spread. Multivariate regression analysis suggested that lymph node metastasis was the most important and influencing factor on local regrowth (P < 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with local recurrences is so-called extended surgery appeared to be lower. Our current policy is aggressive application of nerve-sparing surgery, even to patients with node-positive rectal cancer, taking into consideration the exact extent of cancer spread. From the viewpoint of neuroanatomy related to mesorectum, we discussed patient determination for our nerve-sparing surgery.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed1995

Combination chemo-immunotherapy of murine solid tumor with OK-432, G-CSF, IL-2, and chemotherapeutics.

An experimental tumor model was previously established in which BALB/c mice could survive the otherwise fatal intraperitoneal (i.p.) inoculation of BAMC-1 fibrosarcoma cells if the mice were treated with five sequential i.p. injections of OK-432 (a potent BRM) starting 2 days after tumor inoculation. In the present study, although a single i.p. injection of OK-432 alone on day 2 was not enough to cure the tumor-bearing mice, a combination therapy, an injection of OK-432 (5 mg/kg) on day 2 followed by injection of G-CSF (50 micrograms/kg) on day 3, could eradicate the tumor cells in more than 80% of the mice. In contrast to this ascites tumor model, solid tumors induced by intradermal transplantation of BAMC-1 tumor cells were resistant to the combined treatments with OK-432 and G-CSF, dying within 60 days. However, when these mice received a combined chemoimmunotherapy with cisplatin, OK-432, G-CSF and IL-2, starting on day 4, the tumors had regressed, and were completely eradicated. When the same treatment was started as late as day 8, no significant therapeutic effect was observed. Even at this advanced stage, however, it was found that a similar chemo-immunotherapy protocol using CAP-D (cyclophosphamide, epirubicin and DWA2114R) in lieu of cisplatin was extremely effective, achieving the eradication of tumors in more than 70% of the mice. These results indicated that the combination therapy with OK-432, G-CSF, IL-2, and chemotherapeutics could achieve a potent anti-tumor effect against the solid tumor, even at the advanced stage. Subsequent experiments using athymic nude mice transplanted with the tumor cells revealed that the same combination therapy showed weak tumor-regressing effects without achieving a complete cure. These results suggest that T-cells are key effectors in this type of chemo-immunotherapy of malignant tumors.

Animals↗