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Biomedical subjects

Y Kusumoto

Publications and source records attributed to Y Kusumoto.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Diagnostic strategies of periodontitis based on the molecular mechanisms of periodontal tissue destruction.

OBJECTIVE: Periodontitis is a disease showing differences in disease progression between patients and between sites within a patient. Routine clinical examinations today are not useful enough to distinguish susceptible patients and active lesions from resistant patients and chronic lesions. Diagnostic markers should be pathogenic and inflammatory factors participating in periodontal tissue destruction. These are both local and systemic factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: First of all, pathogenic factors and proinflammatory cytokines or mediators in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) were examined and the difference was found between active and inactive periodontitis lesions distinguished by attachment loss. Active lesions were detected by discriminant-function analysis of these examinations, although the sensitivity of differential diagnosis was low. Then, we established a novel needle biopsy for understanding the pathophysiological conditions elicited in active and chronic inflammatory processes of periodontal tissue destruction. A variety of cytokines and mediators were detected in biopsied specimens by reversed transcription polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR). Cytokine profiles were varied in inflammed periodontal biopsies. As IFN gamma mRNA expression was enhanced in inflamed gingiva, antigen-presenting-cell (APC) functions of human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) were examined. RESULTS: Despite the phenotypical resemblance of IFN gamma-treated HGF to so-called APC, HLA-DR positive HGF could not induce proliferation but suppressed proliferation of alloreactive peripheral blood T cells (PBT). However, HLA-DR positive HGF stimulated the proliferative responses of PBT which had been primed with allo-APC. Regulatory immune responses by IFN gamma were different in T cell conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Various kinds of cytokines participated in periodontal inflammation, and every cytokine is multi-functional. Complex and compound inflammatory processes can be clarified by examining cytokine networks and the precise effects of each cytokine on each of the cell types comprising periodontal tissue. It is, therefore, necessary for establishing diagnostic strategies to integrate pathogenic and inflammatory factors in periodontal tissue destruction.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1996

Clinical manifestations of HBsAg and anti-HCV negative chronic liver disease in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan.

The discovery of hepatitis C virus (HCV) has enabled the diagnosis of type C chronic liver disease, which had in the past been diagnosed as part of non-A, non-B chronic liver disease. Although most cases with chronic liver disease are caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) or HCV infection, there are still cases of non-B, non-C chronic liver disease. Forty patients with chronic liver disease, who were seronegative for hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody to HCV, were followed for a mean period of 72 months. The clinical manifestations in these patients were compared with those reported for type B and type C chronic liver disease. Of the 40 patients, 22 were diagnosed with chronic hepatitis, 14 with liver cirrhosis and 4 with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Twenty-seven (67.5%) patients showed mild alanine aminotransferase activity profiles, and the natural clinical course of most patients showed a slow progression compared with that reported for type B and type C patients. The yearly incidence of HCC was 9.7% in patients with liver cirrhosis and 3.9% in chronic hepatitis. These rates were similar to those in type B or type C patients. This suggests that our population sample contained a number of patients with type B, type C or other etiologic agent(s), because 66.7% of the patients who developed HCC had some evidence of exposure to HBV or HCV. Our results suggest that more detailed and accurate tests for detecting HBV and HCV should be considered before making the diagnosis of non-B, non-C chronic liver disease, and that there is the need to reveal unknown etiologic agent(s).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

[Bacteriological, pharmacokinetic and clinical evaluation of azithromycin in the pediatric field].

Azithromycin (AZM), a new macrolide antibiotic, in fine granules and in capsules was studied for pharmacokinetic and clinical evaluation in the pediatric patients. Antibacterial activity of AZM against 43 clinical isolates: AZM exhibited slightly lower activity against Gram-positive bacteria and 2-8-fold higher activity against Gram-negative bacteria than erythromycin or clarithromycin. Plasma or urine samples were collected from eight patients receiving the drug in fine granular form, and two patients receiving it in capsules for the determination of drug levels. The elimination half-lives of AZM after administration at dose of 10 mg/kg/day for 3 days were 50.0 and 51.2 hours for fine granules, and 41.5 hours for capsules. AUC0-infinity was 11.7 and 24.3 micrograms.hr/ml for fine granules, and 8.3 micrograms.hr/ml for capsules. The cumulative excretion rates up to 120 hours after the start of treatment were 8.24 and 13.84% for fine granules, and 3.83% for capsules. AZM was administered to 123 patients once daily at 3.7-20.0 mg/kg body weight over 3 to 5 days with reference to the standard dose of 10 mg/kg. The drug was used to treat patients with pharyngitis, tonsillitis, scarlet fever, pneumonia, mycoplasmal pneumonia, chlamydial pneumonia, otitis media, pertussis, intestinal infection, and SSTI. The effectiveness of AZM was evaluated in 109 cases. The drug was rated "excellent" in 65.1% of the patients and "good" in 29.4%, resulting in an efficacy rate of 94.5%. Furthermore, AZM eradicated 43 of 46 (93.5%) bacteria that had been identified before the treatment. Three patients complained of side effects of urticaria (1 case) and diarrhea (2 cases). Abnormal laboratory changes were reported as follows: decreased leukocyte (3 cases), increased eosinophil (5), increased platelet (2), increased eosinophil and platelet, elevated GPT (1), and elevated GOT and GPT (1). The abnormalities, however, were mild enough to raise no clinically significant problems. In conclusion, AZM in once daily regimen was effective and safe in treatment of pediatric infections.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1995

Stable human T-lymphotropic virus type I carrier rates for 7 years among a teenaged blood donor cohort of 1986 in Kumamoto, Japan.

The human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) carrier rates for blood donors in Kumamoto, Kyushu, Japan for 8 years, 1986-1993, are currently available. The data show that 16-19-year-olds in 1986 and 20-29-year-olds in 1993 represent nearly the same cohort, because the median age in both groups is 24.5 years in 1993. Therefore, comparison of the HTLV-I positive rate for the two groups gives an estimate of the change in the rate over 7 years within the cohort. In males, 265 of 22,143 donors (1.20%) were seropositive for HTLV-I among 16-19-year-olds in 1986, and 214 were seropositive among 20,076 (1.07%) donors in 20-29-year-olds in 1993. In females, 203 were seropositive among 20,677 (0.98%) donors in 16-19-year-olds in 1986, and there 154 were seropositive among 18,660 (0.83%) donors in 20-29-year-olds in 1993. Thus, the seropositive rates declined in both sexes. However, the average annual rate of immigration to Kumamoto Prefecture was 2.37%. If seropositive rates for 20-29-year-olds in 1993 are adjusted for the dilution effect due to immigration (under the assumption that all immigrants were HTLV-I negative), the adjusted carrier rate for males is 1.26% and that for females is 0.98%. The adjusted carrier rates for both sexes are almost the same as those for 16-19-year-olds in 1986. This indicates that horizontal transmission was negligible for those in the cohort who were in their early reproductive period. Using all 8 year carrier rates for 16-19-year-olds and 20-29-year-olds, chronological changes of 20-29-year-olds, in the near future was estimated. The best goodness of fit model indicated that the HTLV-I carrier rate will decline exponentially, and that the rate will decrease by 50% approximately every 10 years for both sexes. It is probable that in recent years south-west Japan has lost the conditions that are favorable for HTLV-I endemicity and the virus will be virtually non-endemic within a few generations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Clinical usefulness of polyamino acid particle agglutination test for detection of anti-HTLV-I antibody].

A new artificial carrier particle agglutination test using polyamino acid (polyamino PA) was developed for anti HTLV-I assay. We carried out the comparative study on anti-HTLV-I among polyamino PA, gelatin PA, EIA and WB methods. All of 76 ATL, 20 HAM/TSP, 53 patients with uveitis and 50 HTLV-I carriers were seropositive and 50 HTLV-I non carriers were seronegative with four methods. Eighteen of 503 patients include autoimmune diseases showed seropositive by polyamino PA and gelatin PA. One of 19 seropositives by EIA was false positive. All of 25 sera showed non-specific reaction by the gelatin PA were clearly negative by the polyamino PA. This is due to the fact that the polyamino acid particle has a greater specific gravity as carrier. The final judgement was got within 45 minutes. It was earlier more 30 minutes than the gelatin PA. The polyamino PA is a simple, rapid, sensitive and specific method. Therefore, it is useful for mass screening and clinical diagnosis.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1995

Cytology and microenvironment of somatostatin (D) cells in the gastric fundic mucosa of rodents.

Somatostatin from gastric D-cells exerts an inhibitory effect upon the release of gastric acid, enzymes and gastrin. From previous investigations, a paracrine mode of action of somatostatin has been postulated. However, the exact route of the delivery of gastric somatostatin remains still uncertain and controversial. To obtain a closer view of fundic D-cells, the complete shapes and their microanatomical relationships to neighboring tissue elements were examined in immunostained serial semithin (0.5 mu m) sections of the fundic mucosa of rats, mice and golden hamsters, exemplarily by the combined utilization of computer-assisted 3D reconstructions. All the D cells examined in the present study were found to belong to the 'closed-type' of entero-endocrine cells lacking contiguity to the luminal surface. In their shape, the D cells in this region displayed an expressed 'pleomorphism'. A subpopulation of D cells, ovoid in shape, were thoroughly enclosed by single parietal cells. Most of the D cells appeared to be intimately juxtaposed to parietal cells and/or chief cells with their cell bodies or cytoplasmic processes, but simultaneously blood capillaries were regularly located in close vicinity to such D cells. Thus, somatostatin from the fundic D cells may act upon parietal cells and chief cells via both paracrine (direct cell to cell or diffusion) and endocrine (local circulatory system). The morphological heterogeneity of gastric fundic D cells may reflect certain functional states.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis in Japan. Analysis of infectious hepatitis viruses.

BACKGROUND: The development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is associated closely with cirrhosis. In the present study, the cumulative risk of HCC in patients with cirrhosis was investigated. METHODS: A total of 401 patients were registered from April 1977 and followed for a mean of 4.4 years. Of 401 patients, 255 (64%) were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody (anti-) to the hepatitis C virus (HCV); 87 (34%) patients were positive for HBsAg but were negative for anti-HCV (hepatitis B virus [HBV] group), 126 (49%) were negative for HBsAg but were positive for anti-HCV (HCV group), 10 (4%) were positive for both and 32 (13%) were negative for both (non-B non-C group). RESULTS: By the end of March 1993, HCC was diagnosed in 127 (31.6%) patients. The cumulative risk of HCC in the HCV group was slightly higher than that in HBV group (P = 0.3, 5-year risk: 36.9 versus 21.2%). In contrast, the rate was significantly lower in the non-B non-C group than in the HBV or HCV groups (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively, 5 year risk: 12.4%). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that not only HBV infection but also HCV infection increase the risk for HCC in patients with cirrhosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Inducible binding of human lymphocytes to hyaluronate via CD44 does not require cytoskeleton association but does require new protein synthesis.

We have examined molecular mechanisms of the PMA-inducible HA binding ability of human lymphocytes. Newly established OS/6 and OS/37, specific for human CD44, specifically inhibited PMA-induced HA binding of several human cell lines, suggesting that both mAb detect HA binding epitope(s) on CD44. Sequential staining revealed that these mAb cross-blocked each other's binding to Molt-4, T lymphoblast lines, and that neither of them interfered with staining of Molt-4 by other anti-CD44 mAb which induced significant homotypic cell aggregation. Biochemical and PCR analyses did not provide any evidence that PMA stimulation induced dramatic changes in molecular weight or molecular isoforms of CD44. Interestingly, HA binding was not affected and rather slightly increased by cytochalasin B which disrupts F-actin microfilament integrity. This suggests that the ability of CD44 to bind to HA does not correlate with the association of CD44 with the cytoskeleton. On the other hand, protein synthesis inhibitors, cycloheximide and anisomycin clearly inhibited the induction of HA binding of PMA-activated Molt-4 without affecting the expression of CD44 at the same time after stimulation. The same treatment had no effect on PMA-induced FN binding of the cells, which was mediated by VLA integrins. These results suggest that the adhesion functions of CD44 and integrins are differently regulated despite the fact that both are induced by PMA stimulation, and that new protein synthesis is essential for the PMA-induced HA binding by CD44.

Anisomycin↗
PubMed1994

[Effect of biapenem (L-627) on fecal flora in gnotobiotic mice and children].

Biapenem (L-627), a novel injectable carbapenem antibiotic, was studied with regard to its effect on mice inoculated with four types of bacteria and on the intestinal flora of pediatric patients. L-627 was given i.m., 40 mg/kg once daily for 5 consecutive days, to mice inoculated enterically with four types of bacteria (Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacteroides fragilis, and Bifidobacterium breve). Except for a mild decrease in E. coli, there were no major fluctuations in viable bacterial counts in the feces during the treatment. Five children with bacterial infections (3 boys and 2 girls; ages: 1 month to 7 years and 7 months; body weights 4.62-21.8 kg) were given L-627 at 6.0 to 11.7 mg/kg 3 times daily for 7 to 11 days. Among aerobes, although Enterobacteriaceae such as E. coli tended to decrease remarkably in all patients, there was no major change in Enterococcus. Consequently, total aerobe counts did not change significantly in any patient. Among anaerobes, Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, and Eubacterium, which are the predominant organisms in infants, decreased remarkably in some patients. One of the patients showed a marked decrease in total anaerobe count associated with a change in fecal characteristics (diarrhea). Glucose nonfermenting Gram-negative bacilli or fungi did not become predominant organisms in any patient. Recovery from these changes in the intestinal flora was noted promptly after terminating L-627 treatment. L-627 was detected in the feces of 4 patients during treatment. The fecal concentration ranged from 0.24 to 2.22 micrograms/g. Clostridium difficile was not detected in any patient. Although C. difficile D-1 antigen was observed in 2 patients, it bore no relationship to fecal properties. The results indicated that L-627 had relatively few effects on the intestinal flora compared to other new beta-lactam antibiotics.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[Bacteriological and clinical studies of biapenem (L-627) in pediatrics].

Bacteriological and clinical studies in the pediatric field have been performed on biapenem (L-627), a newly-developed carbapenem antibiotic, and the following results were obtained. 1. In the pharmacokinetic study, the plasma concentration of L-627 showed dose-dependant change: Cmax was 14.6 micrograms/ml and AUC was 15.4 micrograms.hr/ml with the administration of 6 mg/kg, while Cmax was 49.2 micrograms/ml and AUC was 60.1 micrograms.hr/ml with the administration of 12 mg/kg. After the administration of 6 mg/kg, the urinary concentration reached maximum within 2 hours and the cumulative urinary excretion rate in the first 6 hours was 49.4%. 2. Antibacterial activities of L-627 against 27 strains of clinical isolates were determined. MICs of L-627 against such Gram-positive cocci as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes were sufficiently low, and those against such Gram-negative rods as Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli and Bordetella pertussis were satisfactory and as low as those of imipenem or ceftazidime. 3. Clinical efficacies of L-627 were evaluated in 36 cases of bacterial infections. The overall efficacy rate was 100%, and excellent responses in 26 cases and good in 10 cases were obtained. As for bacteriological efficacies, all strains except 1 of B. pertussis were eradicated and a high eradication rate of 96.6% was obtained. 4. No side effects were observed in 37 evaluated cases. As abnormal laboratory test results, eosinophilia was noted in 2 cases (5.4%), but they returned to normal values rapidly after the drug was discontinued. From these results, it has been concluded that L-627 is a safe and effective drug to be used in treatment of pediatric infectious diseases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Pancreatic tissue damage by transcatheter arterial embolization for hepatoma.

We analyzed the serial changes in serum pancreatic enzyme activities by transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) in 20 hepatoma patients with liver cirrhosis in an attempt to evaluate the incidence of the pancreatic tissue damage by TAE. Serum amylase activities increased in two (10%) cases, elastase 1 levels in six (30%) cases, and trypsin and pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI) levels in each of five (25%) cases. Consequently, TAE resulted in the elevation of at least more than one serum pancreatic enzyme in eight (40%) of 20 cases, although none had clinical symptoms related to pancreatitis. When the adverse effect on the pancreatic tissue was compared among 6 cases of the superselective TAE and 14 cases of the nonsuperselective TAE, which were performed from the segmental and the nonsegmental hepatic arteries, respectively, the elevation of serum pancreatic enzymes was caused only by nonsuperselective TAE, not by superselective TAE. The volumes of Spongel and Lipiodol used or the injected doses of the anticancer agent mitomycin C were not different between the two groups. These results indicate that TAE for the treatment of hepatoma frequently causes pancreatic tissue damage, and the position of the inserted catheter tip is very important to avoid the pancreatic tissue damage by TAE.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Generation of specific antibody-secreting cells in salivary glands of BALB/c mice following parenteral or oral immunization with Porphyromonas gingivalis fimbriae.

The humoral immune response and induction of antigen-specific antibody-secreting cells in mucosal lymphoid tissues were examined in mice immunized subcutaneously or orally with fimbrial protein purified from Porphyromonas gingivalis strain 381. A group of BALB/c mice was immunized subcutaneously with P. gingivalis fimbriae and semisynthetic adjuvant GM-53 in Freund's incomplete adjuvant on days 0 and 28. Another group of mice was immunized perorally with liposome containing fimbriae and GM-53 on days 0, 1, 27 and 28. In the mice immunized subcutaneously, salivary anti-fimbrial IgM antibodies were detected transiently on day 5, followed by the appearance of specific IgG and IgA antibodies on day 14. Higher concentrations of salivary IgG and IgA anti-fimbrial antibodies were found after the second immunization. Fimbria-specific IgM and IgG spot-forming cells (SFC) were detected in cervical lymph nodes of the immunized mice by the ELISPOT method. Fimbria-specific IgA SFC but not IgM and IgG appeared in the parotid and submandibular glands of subcutaneously immunized mice. On the other hand, mice immunized by gastric intubation generated almost exclusively salivary anti-fimbrial IgA antibodies. In agreement with this finding, increased numbers of antigen-specific IgA but not IgM and IgG SFC were seen in parotid and submandibular glands, but not in cervical lymph nodes of orally immunized mice. It can be concluded that systemic or oral immunization with fimbrial antigen induces distinct immune responses in specific lymphoid tissues or in the salivary glands in respect of their temporal sequences and the numbers of plasma cells secreting antigen-specific and non-specific immunoglobulins.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1993

Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase and lipid transfer protein activities in liver disease.

The activities of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) and lipid transfer protein (LTP) were assayed using sensitive radioassay methods in controls (n = 113) and in patients with various liver diseases (n = 72). Plasma LCAT activity decreased with progression of hepatocellular damage. Plasma LTP activity in controls was 216 +/- 68 nmol/mL/h, and there were no significant differences between controls and patients with chronic hepatitis ([CH], 193 +/- 70), compensated liver cirrhosis (LC) with or without hepatocellular carcinoma ([HCC], 197 +/- 48 and 193 +/- 62, respectively), or decompensated liver cirrhosis ([dLC], 182 +/- 65). In acute viral hepatitis, LTP activity decreased significantly; however, the degree of reduction was not as dramatic as that for LCAT. There was no correlation between LCAT and LTP activity both in controls and patients with various liver diseases. LCAT activity was positively correlated with serum albumin (r = .52, P < 0.1) and cholinesterase (r = .37, P < .01) levels, and inversely correlated with serum bilirubin level (r = -.38, P < 0.1); there was no correlation between plasma LTP activity and these parameters of liver function. That plasma LTP activity did not change with hepatocellular damage may indicate that the liver in humans may not be the primary site of LTP production.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1993

Uveitis in nephrotic syndrome.

A 35-year-old Japanese woman with nephrotic syndrome due to mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis was treated with steroid hormone for 5 years and suddenly developed uveitis in the left eye. She had many cells in the anterior chamber, fine granular keratitic precipitates on the posterior surface of the cornea and retinal edema around the optic disc. Diabetes mellitus had been diagnosed, but it was considered to be steroid diabetes mellitus. This patient showed depressed spontaneous blastogenesis. Since nephrotic syndrome is occasionally associated with an immune-mediated process, uveitis in this case might be related to an immunity disorder.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Influence of S-1108 on intestinal bacterial flora].

The effect of S-1108, a new oral cephem antibiotic, on intestinal bacterial flora was studied in tetra-contaminated mice and pediatric patients. S-1108 in a fine granular form was administered at a dose of 15 mg/kg once a day for 5 consecutive days to mice infected with Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacteroides fragilis and Bifidobacterium breve. The viable fecal bacterial cell count of each of these 4 species of bacteria was slightly reduced in 5 days after the start of the drug administration. Five boys (weighing 12.0 to 42.0 kg) with bacterial infections were entered into this pediatric study. Their ages ranged from 2 years 4 months to 9 years 3 months. S-1108 (fine granules) was administered at a dose of 2.3 to 6.0 mg/kg, 3 times a day for 5 to 11 days. Cell counts of primary aerobes, anaerobes and total anaerobic cells decreased markedly in three patients, but in the remaining two patients the total number of aerobic and anaerobic cells did not change appreciably. Glucose-nonfermentating Gram-negative rods did not become predominant during the period of S-1108 administration. Candida became predominant in the three patients in whom the other bacteria had markedly decreased. Counts of predominant aerobic and anaerobic bacteria decreased markedly during the regimen in 3 out of 5 cases. S-1006 was detected in stools of the 3 cases at concentrations ranging from 235 to 516 micrograms/g during the administration of S-1108. Intestinal bacteria that produce beta-lactamase were not present in the feces of any of the patients. Based on these results, S-1108 (fine granules) appears to have relatively little effect on intestinal bacterial flora similarly to other new oral cephems. Because of individual differences, however, the drug may be excreted in the feces at high concentrations, and this would result in changes in intestinal bacterial flora. Therefore, attention must be given to fecal drug concentrations.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1992

Accelerated declining tendency of human T-cell leukemia virus type I carrier rates among younger blood donors in Kumamoto, Japan.

The annual age- and sex-specific human T-cell leukemia virus type I carrier rate of blood donors in Kumamoto, Kyushu, Japan from 1986 to 1990 revealed that the carrier rates of all the age groups below 50 years declined linearly in both sexes (P less than 0.005). Furthermore, the annual declining rates relative to the carrier rates of 16-19-year-old and 20-29-year-old males were higher than those of all of the older males (P less than 0.02), and all female age groups below 50 years had higher relative declining rates than 50-64-year-old females (P less than 0.05). Although several factors, such as a notification program at obstetric clinics, methodological and technical improvement of the assays, wider knowledge of human T-cell leukemia virus type I infection in the latter years, and immigration of individuals from a nonendemic area, might cause an absolute decline of the carrier rate of the blood donors, these factors could not explain the acceleration of the relative declining rate among younger donors. Therefore, this acceleration represents the tendency of the general population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Induction of mucosal and serum immune responses to a specific antigen of periodontal bacteria.

The dynamics of the host immune response to periodontal bacteria not only may be informative from the standpoint of specific mucosal protection to these pathogens, but also may reveal the capacity of the mucosal immune response to provide protection of the host. To this end, we have examined the immune response to chromatographically purified fimbriae of P. gingivalis administered orally or systemically with liposomes and adjuvant in BALB/c mice, high responders to this antigen. Oral administration of P. gingivalis fimbriae clearly enhanced the fimbriae-specific salivary IgA response. ELISPOT analysis revealed that significant numbers of fimbriae-specific IgA SFC were seen in lamina propria and mesenteric lymph nodes but not in Peyer's patches of mice immunized orally. In contrast, antigen-specific IgM and IgG SFC were seen mainly in the circulating blood mononuclear cells. On the other hand, subcutaneous injection of fimbriae with GM-53 also raised the fimbriae-specific IgG followed by IgM and IgA responses in serum, and both IgA and IgG responses in saliva. Oral immunization was less effective than subcutaneous injection in terms of the serum antibody response. However, the salivary antibody level of mice injected subcutaneously was similar to that of mice immunized orally. In the subcutaneously immunized mice, fimbriae-specific SFC were detected in the spleen, blood, and brachial lymph nodes by ELISPOT assay. Fimbriae-specific IgM SFC appeared earlier and antigen-specific IgG SFC were seen later. These results show that the combined use of fimbriae together with the adjuvant results in sharply increased IgA responses in saliva and IgG responses in serum. In summary, it is clear that the nature of the host's antibody response in serum and mucosal secretions is distinct, and depends on the route of antigen administration, the use of adjuvant and/or liposomes, and the temporal phase of the humoral immune response following various immunization regimes.

Animals↗