[Gamma-ray spectra of some gamma-emitting nuclides used as the active ingredient of radiopharmaceuticals].
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Radiation↗
Biomedical subjects
Y Kido
Publications and source records attributed to Y Kido.
Resolution of optical isomers of kynurenine and its derivatives by thin-layer chromatography.
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Animals↗
Increased energy expenditure after intravenous administration of amino acids.
Nutrient-induced thermogenesis (NIT) after parenteral administration of amino acids (AAs) was investigated in rats and compared with result obtained with intragastric administration. Resting energy expenditure was measured with a new type of open-circuit indirect calorimeter. The NIT increased shortly after parenteral AAs administration and reached a steady state in 30 minutes. The change in resting energy expenditure (the increment of resting energy expenditure over preinfusion baseline values) showed a significant relationship not only with the amount of infused AAs but also with the AA concentration in the portal vein. Furthermore, the increase in plasma AA concentrations in the portal vein was proportional to the amount of the particular AA infused. This relationship held true over the entire range tested. NIT with parenteral infusion (11% to 12%) was lower than that with intragastric infusion (20% to 23%). Plasma insulin, corticosterone, and glucagon levels increased after both parenteral and intragastric AAs administration, but the two methods did not show any significant differences in hormonal changes. The plasma aminogram of the portal vein after intragastric infusion was compared with that after parenteral infusion. Total plasma AA concentration and the levels of glutamine, lysine, arginine, glutamate, aspartate, and histidine were lower but the level of isoleucine was higher after intragastric infusion. On the basis of these results, it is believed that parenteral administration of AAs can induce thermogenesis, which may be regulated by the intraportal AA concentration. Considering the remarkable decrease in glutamine in the portal vein after intragastric infusion, the cost of intestinal metabolism may predominantly contribute to the NIT resulting from intragastric infusion.
Amino Acids↗
Dynamic change of reticuloendothelial system function after surgical stress.
The influence of surgical stress on the function of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) is not well elucidated. Because we established an in vivo functional test for the RES by using chondroitin sulfate iron colloid in rabbits, the normal range of RES function in healthy volunteers (n = 12) and the dynamic change of RES function in surgical patients after distal gastrectomy (n = 14) were examined by this method. In healthy volunteers, the maximum phagocytic velocity and membrane-particle constant were 0.0310 +/- 0.0052 mg/kg per minute and 0.575 +/- 0.205 mg/kg, respectively. In surgical patients, maximum phagocytic velocity (postoperative day 1, 0.0408 +/- 0.0088; postoperative day 3, 0.0486 +/- 0.0115; and postoperative day 7, 0.0430 +/- 0.0115 mg/kg per minute) and membrane-particle constant (postoperative day 3, 0.717 +/- 0.169 mg/kg) significantly increased postoperatively in comparison with preoperative values. These results indicate that the total capacity of the RES is augmented but that its functional phagocytic efficiency is diminished after abdominal surgery. This phenomenon is considered to be one of the immunological alterations caused by surgical stress. The chondroitin sulfate iron colloid test can be applied to monitor the dynamic change of the RES function under various conditions.
Adult↗
Intravenous administration of nucleosides and a nucleotide mixture diminishes intestinal mucosal atrophy induced by total parenteral nutrition.
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is associated with atrophic changes in the structure and function of the intestinal mucosa. Because rapidly renewing intestinal mucosal cells may require an external source of purines and pyrimidines for their optimal growth, it can be assumed that supplementation of nucleosides and a nucleotide mixture (OG-VI) during TPN may prevent the progression of mucosal atrophy by compensating for a relatively insufficient delivery from liver. To test that hypothesis, male Wistar rats receiving TPN for 7 days were divided into four groups according to different TPN solutions. Group C (n = 10) received a standard solution, group O (n = 10) received OG-VI in addition to the standard solution, and group G (n = 10) received a glutamine-rich TPN solution containing almost the same amount of calories and nitrogen as the standard solution. Group O+G (n = 10) received OG-VI in addition to the glutamine-rich solution. Various parameters were examined on the eighth day in the jejunal and ileal segments. The following significant changes in comparison with group C were observed: total wet weight of the jejunal segment in group O was significantly greater, as was mucosal wet weight of the jejunal and ileal segments in groups O and O+G; protein contents of the ileal segment in group O as well as the DNA content of the jejunal segment in group O increased significantly; and maltase activity of the jejunal segment in group O+G increased, as did the villus height of the jejunal segment in groups O and O+G and the villus height of the ileal segment in group G.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Animals↗
Pharmacokinetics of intravenously injected [3H]tetrachloro(D,L-trans)1,2-diaminocyclohexane platinum (IV) (tetraplatin) in mice.
Platinum (Pt) complexes with diaminocyclohexane (DACH) carrier ligand are of interest because of their effectiveness against tumor cells resistant to cisplatin. We examined the pharmacokinetics and in vivo stability of Pt-N bond of tetraplatin using radiolabeled drug containing the 1,2-[4,5-3H]diaminocyclohexane ([3H]DACH) moiety and monitored the ratio 3H:Pt in biological samples. Following intravenous administration of [3H]tetraplatin (5 mg/kg and 163 microCi/kg) in mice, blood, urine, and tissue samples were collected and analyzed for both Pt level and radioactivity using flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry and scintillation counting, respectively. In plasma, half-lives of 5 min (alpha-phase) and 1 hr (beta-phase) were generated for both "free" 3H and Pt. The 3H:Pt ratio of "free" levels did not change for at least 2 hr after intravenous administration. This indicated that the Pt-N bond was largely intact in the free drug fraction over this time period. In blood and plasma, however, there were decreases in "total" 3H:Pt ratios by 21 and 13% over 2 hr and 38 and 51% over 4 days, respectively, as a result of a greater rate of elimination of 3H than Pt. Urinary excretion in mice of 3H and Pt accounted for 55 and 43% of the administered dose, respectively, in 4 days, with 35 and 30% being excreted in the first 7 hr. The 3H:Pt ratio in urine increased 1.4-fold between 7 and 72 hr, and this was a further indication of dissociation of DACH ligand from Pt. Tissue distribution study revealed that the DACH moiety was also being removed more rapidly, and this was particularly evident in the liver and spleen than in other tissues.
Animals↗
Esophageal carcinoma is frequently accompanied with early gastric carcinoma.
A review of data on 360 patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma who underwent esophageal resection revealed 14 cases (3.9%) and 16 lesions with synchronous gastric carcinomas. Among the 16 lesions, there were 14 (87.5%) early gastric carcinomas and two advanced carcinomas. Of the 14 early gastric carcinomas, two were minute (less than 5 mm in the largest diameter) early gastric carcinomas and four small (6-10 mm in the largest diameter). These gastric carcinomas were in a relatively early stage. The six early gastric carcinomas were not detected preoperatively. However, a thorough observation of the gastric mucosa could not be done in four of those due to stenosis which had developed as a result of the esophageal carcinoma. Therefore, intraoperative gastric observation should be done in cases in which the findings of the preoperative endoscopic examination of the stomach are inadequate and the upper gastrointestinal series reveal certain gastric abnormalities.
Adenocarcinoma↗
Different chemosensitivities of rat 3Y1 fibroblasts transformed by various agents in vitro.
Alterations of chemosensitivities associated with transformation of rat 3Y1 fibroblasts were compared among various agents, including either adenovirus type 12 (Ad12-3Y1), the E1A region of adenovirus type 12 (E1A-3Y1), mouse polyoma virus (Py-3Y1), Simian virus 40 (SV-3Y1), Rous avian sarcoma virus (SR-3Y1), plasmid DNA carrying v-Ha-ras oncogene (HR-3Y1), or N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NG-3Y1), with untransformed 3Y1 fibroblasts, using a semiautomated non-clonogenic MTT assay. IC50 values were compared for each drug in each cell line. Among the different cell lines, untransformed 3Y1 cells were the most resistant to cisplatin (CDDP), adriamycin (ADM), carboquone (CQ), bleomycin (BLM), mitomycin C (MMC) and 4-hydroperoxy cyclophosphamide (4-hp-CPA). On the other hand, E1A-3Y1 cells were more resistant to vincristine (VCR) and NG-3Y1 and Ad12-3Y1 were more resistant to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) than untransformed 3Y1 cells. These transformed lines did not display any cross-resistance to other drugs. The dissociation of chemosensitivities between Ad12-3Y1 and E1A-3Y1 to ADM, VCR and 5-FU was recognized. These results suggested that some of these transforming agents may alter the chemosensitivities of anticancer drugs.
Animals↗
In vivo and in vitro metabolism of 2-methylnaphthalene in the guinea pig.
The metabolism of 2-methylnaphthalene (2-MN) in guinea pigs (in vivo and in vitro) was investigated. Excretion of 2-MN from guinea pigs took place rapidly. In the first 24 hr, nearly 80% of the orally administered 2-[3H]-MN was excreted in the urine in the form of several metabolites, and about 10% of it was recovered in the feces. The major metabolites in the urine were oxidative products of the methyl group of 2-MN (naphthoic acid and its glycine and glucuronic acid conjugates) and accounted for 76% of the total urinary radioactivity in the first 24 hr. S-(7-Methyl-1-naphthyl)cysteine and glucuronic acid and sulfate conjugates of 7-methyl-1-naphthol were also identified as minor metabolites (18% of the total urinary radioactivity). As an in vitro metabolite, the formation of S-(7-methyl-1-naphthyl)glutathione was indicated using the 9,000g supernatant of the homogenate of guinea pig liver. The oral administration of 2-MN (500 mg/kg) to guinea pigs significantly lowered the trichloroacetic acid-soluble sulfhydryl content in the liver.
Animals↗
Studies on the mechanism of covalent binding of morphine metabolites to proteins in mouse.
The disposition of N--14CH3-labeled and C-6--3H-labeled morphines in mouse tissue was determined over 48 hr after sc injection. 3H radioactivity in tissues decreased more rapidly than 14C radioactivity, and 14C activity at 48 hr after injection was 2 to 3 times greater than 3H activity in brain, blood and liver. Only 14C radioactivity in the brain and other tissues accumulated significantly by repeated co-administrations of N--14CH3- and C-6--3H-morphines. However, 3H radioactivity did not show much accumulation in brain. The ratio of 14C radioactivity irreversibly bound to macromolecules (insoluble in HCl-methanol) to the total radioactivity increased with time in the liver. [14C]Morphinone-cysteine conjugate was detected in proteolytic digests of mouse liver protein dosed with radiolabeled morphine. Morphinone-glutathione conjugate was also detected in an incubation mixture of morphine and cytosol fraction of mouse liver. These results seem to indicate that morphine is metabolized to morphinone, which then binds covalently to the thiol group of cysteine residues in protein.
Animals↗
Pharmacokinetics of tetraplatin administered intraperitoneally with reduced glutathione in mice.
Tetraplatin (Ormaplatin) has been developed as a second generation platinum complex because of its good antitumor activity against some cisplatin-resistant tumor cell lines. It is currently in clinical trials. Its reduction to diaminocyclohexane (DACH)-dichloroplatinum(II) [DACH-Pt(II)Cl2] or closely similar species is essential for binding to DNA to produce the desired antitumor effects. We have studied the pharmacokinetics of tetraplatin in mice after intraperitoneal administration with the reducing agent glutathione (GSH). The systemic absorption of tetraplatin (5 mg/kg) with GSH (31 mg/kg) was faster than of tetraplatin alone. Peak plasma platinum (Pt) levels of 0.89 and 1.44 micrograms Pt/ml were observed at 15 min and 2 hr after administration of tetraplatin with and without GSH, respectively, and the Pt then decayed biphasically when administered with GSH and monophasically when administered alone. The plasma Pt level was 4-fold lower (0.17 vs. 0.71 micrograms Pt/ml) by 24 hr when tetraplatin was administered with GSH compared with its administration alone. DACH-Pt(II)Cl2 (4.21 mg/kg, ip) gave similar plasma Pt kinetics to that seen with the combination of tetraplatin and GSH. Pt levels in kidney 24 hr after administration of tetraplatin+GSH or of DACH-Pt(II)Cl2 were lower (1.6-fold) than after tetraplatin alone. Plasma and ascitic fluid from tumor-bearing mice demonstrated equivalent abilities to reduce tetraplatin rapidly. However, tetraplatin treatment of intraperitoneal-inoculated L1210/0 (parent) or L1210/DDP (cisplatin-resistant) tumor cells was unaffected by GSH. As GSH lowered systemic tetraplatin exposure in vivo without compromising antitumor activity against peritoneal tumor models, the combination of thiol and tetraplatin may be clinically useful in the treatment of intraperitoneal disseminated cancers.
Animals↗
Role of nucleosides and nucleotide mixture in intestinal mucosal growth under total parenteral nutrition.
The preventive effect of a mixture of nucleosides and a nucleotide (OG-VI) on total parenteral nutrition (TPN)-associated gut mucosal atrophy was investigated. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups. The TPN group (n = 11) received a standard TPN diet (250 kcal and 1.78 g nitrogen.kg-1.day-1) for 6 days; the TPN + OG-VI group (n = 10) received OG-VI (2.5 ml.kg-1.day-1) in addition to the standard TPN solution for 6 days. To obtain information on a normal fed condition of the intestine, another 10 rats were maintained on oral rat chow for 6 days. Compared with the TPN group, mucosal wet weights in the jejunum (22.8 +/- 1.8 vs. 20.5 +/- 2.0 mg/cm) and the ileum (19.4 +/- 2.2 vs. 16.8 +/- 2.3 mg/cm) were significantly greater in the TPN + OG-VI group. Likewise, diamine oxidase activities in the jejunum (13.7 +/- 4.27 vs. 8.02 +/- 3.40 nmol.min-1.cm-1) and the ileum (33.9 +/- 6.89 vs. 25.9 +/- 7.93 nmol.min-1.cm-1) were significantly higher in the TPN + OG-VI group. Moreover, the bromodeoxyuridine labeling index in the TPN + OG-VI group (36.9 +/- 4.30%) was significantly higher than in the TPN group (31.0 +/- 3.03%). The addition of OG-VI to the standard TPN diet improved mucosal growth and maturity by increasing the proliferating activity of crypt cells. External provision of purines and pyrimidines may be necessary to sustain mucosal function during TPN.
Amine Oxidase (Copper-Containing)↗
Transformation by viral oncogenes increased sensitivity to heat in rat 3Y1 fibroblasts.
Sensitivity to the lethal effect of hyperthermia was compared using the rat 3Y1 fibroblastic cell line and its seven sublines transformed by various agents in vitro. The cell lines examined were those transformed by simian virus 40 (SV3Y1), mouse polyoma virus (Py3Y1), adenovirus type 12 (Ad3Y1), the E1A region of adenovirus type 12 (E1A3Y1), Rous sarcoma virus (SR3Y1), v-Harvey ras oncogene (HR3Y1) and N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NG3Y1). We also examined the intracellular amount and distribution of 70-kilodalton heat shock protein which has previously been shown to be associated with thermal tolerance in several experimental systems. There was a striking difference in heat sensitivity, as defined by a clonogenic assay, depending on the transforming agents. The parental untransformed 3Y1 cells were most resistant to heat, whereas the Ad-, E1A- or NG3Y1 cell lines were most susceptible to heat. The other 4 lines showed intermediate sensitivity. We detected translocation of hsp70 from cytoplasm to nucleoli shortly after the heat shock in all cell lines, as detected by indirect immunofluorescence. Western blotting experiment failed to show any difference in amount of hsp70 among the cell lines. We conclude that transformed cells were more susceptible to heat than untransformed cells, and that a mechanism other than hsp70 synthesis may operate on the heat sensitivity, at least in our system.
Adenovirus E1A Proteins↗
Easy enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for spectinomycin in chicken plasma.
An easy, sensitive, competitive indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CI-ELISA) for spectinomycin in chicken plasma was developed. Preparation of a spectinomycin-bovine serum albumin conjugate in which the hapten is linked to the carrier protein through the C-4 position is described. Antibodies raised against antigens in rabbits had excellent specificity for spectinomycin, exhibiting a cross-reactivity of 44.0% with dihydrospectinomycin and 13.8% with tetrahydrospectinomycin. No cross-reactivity was observed with other antibiotics. The detection limit of the CI-ELISA was 2 ng/mL (equivalent into 40 ng/mL undiluted chicken plasma) spectinomycin. Known amounts (0.1-100 micrograms/mL) of spectinomycin were added to chicken plasma and then analyzed. Average recoveries were 97-110%. This procedure may be used without prior extraction of samples.
Animals↗
A safe technique for laparoscopic cholecystectomy for incarcerated gallbladder stone.
BACKGROUND/AIMS: We present our new laparoscopic technique for treating incarcerated stones in either the cystic duct or the neck of the gallbladder. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred sixteen patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy were studied. RESULTS: In all, 18 patients (16%) were found to have incarcerated stones in gallbladder or cystic duct. Eleven patients were drip infusion cholangiography (DIC) negative. The length of the operative time for these patients was significantly longer than that in non-incarcerated stone cases. We present our new laparoscopic technique for treating incarcerated stones in either the cystic duct or neck of the gallbladder and this procedure includes a needle aspiration of the bile juice, the transsection and removal of the incarcerated stone and an extracorporeal ligation. CONCLUSIONS: This above procedure was successfully performed on a series of 4 patients. Our procedure is therefore considered to allow us to complete a laparoscopic cholecystectomy even in extremely hypertrophic cases with incarcerated stones either in the cystic duct or Hartmann's pouch.
Adult↗
Blood glucose responses to mixed Ghanaian diets in healthy adult males.
The blood glucose responses to five Ghanaian carbohydrate sources, unripe plantain, Ga kenkey, Gari, rice and yam, as part of mixed meals were determined in ten healthy young nondiabetic adult males aged 25.6 +/- 2.6 years with a BMI of 20.9 +/- 2.4 kg/m2. Ga kenkey showed the least changes in blood glucose responses as measured by the glycemic index. Yam exhibited the least favourable blood glucose responses. Significant difference were observed between the glycemic indices of kenkey and yam; Kenkey and gari (p < 0.01); rice and yam, plantain and yam (p < 0.05). Further studies of these carbohydrate sources are required in diabetics to ascertain their suitability as carbohydrate sources in Ghanaian diabetics.
Adult↗