Efficiency, efficacy and adverse effects of adenovirus versus liposome-mediated ex vivo immunosuppressive cytokine gene transfer on the functional cardiac allografts.
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Journal Article↗
Biomedical subjects
Y Hong
Publications and source records attributed to Y Hong.
Familial aggregation of QT-interval variability in a general population: results from the NHLBI Family Heart Study.
QT-interval prolongation is associated with increased risk of cardiac death. Although information on genetics and molecular mechanisms of the congenital long QT syndrome is mounting, limited data are available on the genetics of QT interval in the general population. Heart rate adjusted QT intervals (Bazett's QTc, and QT index (QTI)) were assessed by electrocardiography in 2399 members aged 25-91 years of 468 randomly selected families participating in the NHLBI Family Heart Study. Familial correlation and segregation analyses were performed to evaluate the genetics of the variability of QT interval in this population. The parent-offspring (0.14+/-0.03) and sibling (0.18+/-0.03) correlations for age and sex-adjusted QTc were moderate, while the spouse correlation was close to zero (0.09+/-0.06). This suggests that there are familial/genetic influences on QT-interval variability. Segregation analysis results suggest that there is a major effect in addition to heritable multifactorial effects (h2=0.34), but the major effect did not follow Mendelian inheritance. Further adjustments of QTc for other major cardiovascular risk factors did not significantly change the results. Similar results were found for QTI. The QT-interval variation in the general population is influenced by moderate heritable multifactorial effects in addition to a major effect. A major gene effect is not directly supported.
Adult↗
Familial resemblance for glucose and insulin metabolism indices derived from an intravenous glucose tolerance test in Blacks and Whites of the HERITAGE Family Study.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), characterized by hyperglycemia, is a complex disease primarily caused by impairment in insulin sensitivity (SI) and insulin secretion. While a strong genetic component for T2DM is well established, there are few reports on racial differences in the magnitude of the genetic effects of T2DM and indices of glucose and insulin metabolism. We report here on the familial resemblance for traits related to glucose metabolism at pre-exercise training levels in 492 members from 99 sedentary White families and 259 members from 108 Black families participating in the multicenter HERITAGE Family Study. All these traits were obtained from the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT). They include glucose disappearance index (Kg), an overall index for glucose tolerance, acute insulin response to glucose (AIR(Glucose)) which is an index for insulin secretion, and those derived from the minimal model including SI and the disposition index (DI). DI, derived as the product of SI and AIR(Glucose), is a measure of the activity of the B-cells adjusted for insulin resistance. After adjustment for age, sex, and body mass index, the maximal heritability estimates in Blacks (Whites) are 48+/-14% (25+/-8%) for Kg, 44+/-14% (46+/-8%) for AIR(Glucose), 38+/-12% (44+/-8%) for SI and 32+/-14% (24+/-8%) for DI. Interestingly, Blacks have higher heritability for overall glucose tolerance than Whites but there is no race difference in heritability estimates for insulin sensitivity or insulin secretion.
Adult↗
Flexibility and passive resistance of the hamstrings of young adults using two different static stretching protocols.
This investigation determined the effects of a static stretching program with different stretching protocols on the flexibility and passive resistance of the hamstrings of young adults. Forty healthy subjects (24 males and 16 females) aged 18 to 30 years were randomly assigned to one of four groups. The two training groups underwent static stretch training of the hamstrings either with a four-week protocol or with an eight-week protocol. The other two groups acted as control groups. A significant increase in flexibility of hamstrings was found in both of the two training groups (P<0.05). No difference was found in the range of motion gained between the two training groups. An increase in passive resistance at the corresponding maximal joint angle was only demonstrated in the four-week training group (P<0.05). Both protocols are effective in terms of improving flexibility of hamstrings. However, if injury is reduced when there is relatively lower passive resistance at the end-of-range, then the eight-week training regimen would be recommended.
Adolescent↗
Megakaryocytic differentiation is accompanied by a reduction in cell migratory potential.
Megakaryocytes (MKs) have been found in the peripheral circulation, suggesting that they can migrate out of the bone marrow. In order to evaluate if megakaryocytic differentiation confers a migratory phenotype, we investigated this property in the haematopoietic cell lines MO7e and UT-7/mpl and in CD34+ progenitor cells before and after induction of differentiation by thrombopoietin (TPO). Migration was studied using a bicompartmental culture system in the presence or absence of a bone marrow endothelial cell monolayer. Preincubation with TPO led to a significant reduction in stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1)-induced migration of MO7e cells (0.7% +/- 0.08% for TPO-treated vs. 2.6% +/- 0.3% for controls P < 0.05). A similar decreased migratory response was seen with UT-7/mpl cells (7.4% +/- 0.4% for TPO-treated vs. 11.1% +/- 0.01% for controls, P<0.05), although these cells did not migrate in response to SDF-1. CD34+ cells partially differentiated with TPO showed decreased migration following further TPO-induced maturation (13.9% +/- 1.8% for TPO-treated vs. 24.1% +/- 1.8% for untreated, P < 0.05). This reduction was more pronounced in the large MK (> or = 4n) fraction. These results demonstrate that megakaryocytic differentiation is accompanied by a partial suppression of the haematopoietic cell migratory phenotype.
Bone Marrow Cells↗
Race differences in the pattern of familial aggregation for dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and its responsiveness to training in the HERITAGE Family Study.
Using a familial correlation model to assess familial influences, baseline dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) and its change (post-training minus baseline) in response to a 20-week endurance exercise training program were analyzed in 85 black families who participated in the HERITAGE Family Study (HERITAGE). Baseline levels were adjusted for a polynomial in age, and the training response was adjusted for a polynomial in age, as well as the baseline values, within 4 sex-by-generation groups before genetic analysis. We found that the maximal heritability for baseline DHEAS reached 66% (with no sex and generation differences) in black families, which is slightly (but not significantly) higher than the estimate (58%) reported previously in 99 white families in HERITAGE. Whereas weak, but significant, familial effects (26%) for the training response were previously reported for whites in HERITAGE, they were undetectable in the present study. Furthermore, we found heterogeneity in the pattern of familial aggregation (primarily due to different spouse and parent-offspring correlations) for both the baseline and its training response between blacks and whites. In conclusion, baseline DHEAS levels in blacks were also determined by substantial familial factors (just as for whites), independent of the effects of age and sex. Genetic and nongenetic familial components influencing baseline DHEAS levels in both races may be different.
Adolescent↗
Relation between dietary linolenic acid and coronary artery disease in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study.
BACKGROUND: Epidemiologic studies suggest that a higher consumption of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. Studies in humans and animals also reported an inverse association between alpha-linolenic acid and cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE: We examined the relation between dietary linolenic acid and prevalent coronary artery disease (CAD). DESIGN: We studied 4584 participants with a mean (+/-SD) age of 52.1 +/- 13.7 y in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study in a cross-sectional design. Participants' diets were assessed with a semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire. For each sex, we created age- and energy-adjusted quintiles of linolenic acid, and we used logistic regression to estimate prevalent odds ratios for CAD. RESULTS: From the lowest to the highest quintile of linolenic acid, the prevalence odds ratios of CAD were 1.0, 0.77, 0.61, 0.58, and 0.60 for the men (P for trend = 0.012) and 1.0, 0.57, 0.52, 0.30, and 0.42 for the women (P for trend = 0.014) after adjustment for age, linoleic acid, and anthropometric, lifestyle, and metabolic factors. Linoleic acid was also inversely related to the prevalence odds ratios of CAD in the multivariate model (0.60 and 0.61 in the second and third tertiles, respectively) after adjustment for linolenic acid. The combined effect of linoleic and linolenic acids was stronger than the individual effects of either fatty acid. CONCLUSIONS: A higher intake of either linolenic or linoleic acid was inversely related to the prevalence odds ratio of CAD. The 2 fatty acids had synergistic effects on the prevalence odds ratio of CAD.
Coronary Artery Disease↗
Characterization of plasma membrane domains enriched in lipid metabolites.
A subpopulation of plasma membrane vesicles enriched in membrane lipid metabolites has been isolated from petals of carnation flowers and leaves of canola seedlings. This was achieved by immunopurification from a microsomal membrane preparation using region-specific antibodies raised against a recombinant polypeptide of the plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase. The properties of this subpopulation of vesicles were compared with those of purified plasma membrane isolated by partitioning in an aqueous dextran-polyethylene glycol two-phase system. The lipid composition of the immunopurified vesicles proved to be clearly distinguishable from that of phase-purified plasma membrane, indicating that they represent a unique subpopulation of plasma membrane vesicles. Specifically, the immunopurified vesicles are highly enriched in lipid metabolites, including free fatty acids, diacylglycerol, triacylglycerol and steryl and wax esters, by comparison with the phase-purified plasma membrane. These findings can be interpreted as indicating that lipid metabolites generated within the plasma membrane effectively phase-separate by moving laterally through the plane of the membrane to form discrete domains within the bilayer. It is also apparent that these domains, once formed, are released as vesicles into the cytosol, presumably by microvesiculation from the surface of the plasmalemma. Such removal may be part of normal membrane turnover.
Cell Membrane↗
Gene C2 of the monopartite geminivirus tomato yellow leaf curl virus-China encodes a pathogenicity determinant that is localized in the nucleus.
Expression of the Tomato yellow leaf curl virus-China (TYLCV-C) C2 protein and green fluorescent protein (GFP) fused to the C2 protein (C2-GFP) in Nicotiana benthamiana from a Potato virus X (PVX) vector induced necrotic ringspots on inoculated leaves as well as necrotic vein banding and severe necrosis on systemically infected leaves. The localization of GFP fluorescence in plant cells infected with PVX/C2-GFP and in insect cells transfected with Baculovirus expressing C2-GFP indicates that the TYLCV-C C2 protein is capable of shuttling GFP into plant and insect cell nuclei. Our data demonstrate that the TYLCV-C C2 protein may contribute to viral pathogenicity in planta and is nuclear localized.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
ADF proteins are involved in the control of flowering and regulate F-actin organization, cell expansion, and organ growth in Arabidopsis.
Based mostly on the results of in vitro experiments, ADF (actin-depolymerizing factor) proteins are thought to be key modulators of the dynamic organization of the actin cytoskeleton. The few studies concerned with the in vivo function of ADF proteins that have been reported to date were performed almost exclusively using single-cell systems and have failed to produce consistent results. To investigate ADF functions in vivo and during the development of multicellular organs, we generated transgenic Arabidopsis plants that express a cDNA encoding an ADF protein (AtADF1) in the sense or the antisense orientation under the control of a strong constitutively active promoter. Selected lines with significantly altered levels of AtADF protein expression were characterized phenotypically. Overexpression of AtADF1 resulted in the disappearance of thick actin cables in different cell types, caused irregular cellular and tissue morphogenesis, and reduced the growth of cells and organs. In contrast, reduced AtADF expression promoted the formation of actin cables, resulted in a delay in flowering, and stimulated cell expansion as well as organ growth. These results are consistent with the molecular functions of ADF as predicted by in vitro studies, support the global roles of ADF proteins during the development of a multicellular organism, and demonstrate that these proteins are key regulators of F-actin organization, flowering, and cell and organ expansion in Arabidopsis.
Actin Depolymerizing Factors↗
Interpretation of X chromosome dose at Sex-lethal requires non-E-box sites for the basic helix-loop-helix proteins SISB and daughterless.
For Drosophila melanogaster flies, sexual fate is determined by the X chromosome number. The basic helix-loop-helix protein product of the X-linked sisterlessB (sisB or scute) gene is a key indicator of the X dose and functions to activate the switch gene Sex-lethal (Sxl) in female (XX), but not in male (XY), embryos. Zygotically expressed sisB and maternal daughterless (da) proteins are known to form heterodimers that bind E-box sites and activate transcription. We examined SISB-Da binding at Sxl by using footprinting and gel mobility shift assays and found that SISB-Da binds numerous clustered sites in the establishment promoter Sxl(Pe). Surprisingly, most SISB-Da sites at Sxl(Pe) differ from the canonical CANNTG E-box motif. These noncanonical sites have 6-bp CA(G/C)CCG and 7-bp CA(G/C)CTTG cores and exhibit a range of binding affinities. We show that the noncanonical sites can mediate SISB-Da-activated transcription in cell culture. P-element transformation experiments show that these noncanonical sites are essential for Sxl(Pe) activity in embryos. Together with previous deletion analysis, the data suggest that the number, affinity, and position of SISB-Da sites may all be important for the operation of the Sxl(Pe) switch. Comparisons with other dose-sensitive promoters suggest that threshold responses to diverse biological signals have common molecular mechanisms, with important variations tailored to suit particular functional requirements.
Amino Acid Motifs↗
Tai chi: physiological characteristics and beneficial effects on health.
OBJECTIVES: To assess the characteristic effects of Tai Chi Chuan (TCC) exercise on metabolism and cardiorespiratory response, and to measure its effect on cardiorespiratory function, mental control, immune capacity, and the prevention of falls in elderly people. DESIGN: A review of controlled experimental studies and clinical trials designed with one of two aims: either to assess physiological responses during the performance of TCC or to assess the impact of this exercise on general health and fitness. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Metabolic rate, heart rate, blood pressure, ventilation, maximal oxygen uptake (VO(2)MAX), immune capacity, falls, and fall related factors. SUBJECTS: A total of 2216 men and women. RESULTS: Under review were 31 original studies, published in Chinese or English journals, that met the criteria for inclusion. Most of the papers written in Chinese had not been introduced into the Western literature. Nine of these studies showed that TCC can be classified as moderate exercise, as its does not demand more than 55% of maximal oxygen intake. When this form of exercise and others conducted at equal intensity were compared, TCC showed a significantly lower ventilatory equivalent (VE/VO(2)MAX). Evidence provided by cross sectional and longitudinal studies suggests that TCC exercise has beneficial effects on cardiorespiratory and musculoskeletal function, posture control capacity, and the reduction of falls experienced by the elderly. CONCLUSIONS: TCC is a moderate intensity exercise that is beneficial to cardiorespiratory function, immune capacity, mental control, flexibility, and balance control; it improves muscle strength and reduces the risk of falls in the elderly.
Accidental Falls↗
Population-based screening for rare mutations: high-throughput DNA extraction and molecular amplification from Guthrie cards.
To determine the population-based frequency of a rare mutation (the 121ins2 mutation in the surfactant protein B gene), we developed high-throughput techniques to extract reliably and rapidly amplifiable DNA from Guthrie cards. Using a 3-mm punch from each of 10,044 Guthrie cards obtained from the Missouri Department of Health, we extracted DNA with deionized water by heating in the presence of 2% Chelex in a 96-well format. Average yield of DNA from each punch was 52.6 +/- 21 microg. Using 36mer primers and a 10-microL reaction volume, we amplified a 354-bp fragment of the surfactant protein B gene that contained the mutation and identified the mutation by its susceptibility to restriction enzyme digestion with SfuI. The procedure required 5 h per 96 samples but only 2 h of technician time. The amplification rate on the first attempt was 99.2%. Based on detection of eight individuals heterozygous for the mutation (confirmed by direct sequencing), we estimate the allele frequency to be 0.8/1000 individuals, an estimate not significantly different from previous estimates based on independent methods. High-throughput DNA extraction and amplification will permit establishment of DNA banks as well as efficient estimation of population-based genotype frequency for both rare and common genetic disorders.
Base Sequence↗
Effects of adenoviral overexpression of uncoupling protein-2 and -3 on mitochondrial respiration in insulinoma cells.
The brown adipose tissue uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) catalyzes proton reentry without ATP synthesis, thereby dissipating energy as heat. In contrast, the function(s) of the recently described homologs, UCP2 and UCP3, are less clear. The aim of the present study was to determine whether overexpressed UCP subtypes affect mitochondrial respiration and substrate oxidation in cultured insulin-secreting INS-1 insulinoma cells. Adenoviral overexpression of UCP2 significantly decreased the ADP/O ratio by 31% and 39% in comparison to beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) or the mitochondrial protein manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), respectively, and increased state 4 respiration in the presence of succinate and oligomycin by 52% and 59% in comparison to beta-gal or MnSOD, respectively. Adenoviral overexpression of UCP3 also decreased the ADP/O ratio by 18% (nonsignificant) and increased state 4 respiration by 24% (nonsignificant) in comparison to ss-gal and significantly decreased the ADP/O ratio by 32% and increased state 4 respiration by 35% in comparison to MnSOD. Both UCP2 and UCP3 expression significantly increased whole cell lipid oxidation by 34% (P < 0.01) and 30% (P < 0.05), respectively, compared with cells expressing Ad5CMVlacZ. However, glucose oxidation was not significantly altered by UCP2 or UCP3 expression. Adenoviral UCP2 expression, but not UCP3 (compared with beta-gal), significantly inhibited insulin secretion in the presence of 15 mM glucose [6.17 +/- 0.42 ng/mg cell protein for beta-gal compared with 4.69 +/- 0.39 for UCP2 (P < 0.05) and 5.51 +/- 0.50 for UCP3]. Both overexpressed UCPs significantly reduced INS-1 cell ATP content. Within certain limitations, which are discussed, these data are the first to demonstrate increased respiration and impaired coupling of oxidative phosphorylation as a result of UCP homolog expression in isolated mammalian mitochondria. Our results also suggest an important role for UCP in lipid metabolism and, possibly, insulin secretion.
Adenoviridae↗
Age, body mass index, race and other determinants of steroid hormone variability: the HERITAGE Family Study.
OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: To investigate from the HERITAGE Family Study database, 13 steroid hormones (androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diol glucuronide, androsterone glucuronide, cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), DHEA ester (DHEAE), DHEA sulfate (DHEAS), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), estradiol, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, progesterone, pregnenolone ester, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and testosterone in each sex for their relationships with age, body mass index (BMI), race and key lifestyle variables. Sample sizes varied from 676 to 750 per hormone. Incremental regression methods were used to examine the contributions of the variables to steroid hormone variability. RESULTS: Age was a major predictor for most steroid hormones. The greatest contribution of age was a negative relationship with DHEAS (R(2)=0.39). BMI was also associated with the variability of several steroid hormones, being the most important predictor of SHBG (R(2)=0.20) and of testosterone (R(2)=0.12) concentrations. When age and BMI were included, race still contributed significantly to the variations in cortisol (R(2)=0.02 for men and 0.04 for women), DHT (R(2)=0.02 for men and 0.03 for women), and progesterone (R(2)=0.03 for women). Nevertheless, race appeared to be less important than age and BMI. In addition, lifestyle indicators (food and nutrient intakes, smoking and physical activity) influenced steroid hormone variability. Their contributions, however, were minor in most cases once age, BMI and race had been taken into account. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that age was the most important factor, followed by BMI, race and lifestyle factors in explaining steroid hormone variability.
Adolescent↗
Familial resemblance for free androgens and androgen glucuronides in sedentary black and white individuals: the HERITAGE Family Study. Health, Risk Factors, Exercise Training and Genetics.
Familial correlation analyses were used to evaluate the familial aggregation of plasma androgens and androgen glucuronides (testosterone (TESTO), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol glucuronide (3 alpha-DIOL-G), and androsterone glucuronide (ADT-G)) in 505 members of 99 white families and 296 members of 111 black families participating in the Health, Risk Factors, Exercise Training and Genetics (HERITAGE) Family Study. Each of these four measures was determined by RIA after separation of conjugated and unconjugated steroid using C18 column chromatography. All participants were sedentary prior to being including in this study. Significant spouse correlations, as well as parent-offspring and sibling correlations, were found for TESTO, DHT, 3 alpha-DIOL-G, and ADT-G in the white sample, suggesting that common familial environments and genes contribute to the familial resemblance. In the black sample, significant sibling and parent-offspring correlations were found for all four phenotypes, while the spouse correlation was marginally significant for 3 alpha-DIOL-G and not significant for TESTO, DHT, and ADT-G. The non-significance of spouse correlations in the black individuals may be due to the small number of spouse pairs. The maximal heritability estimates of TESTO, DHT, 3 alpha-DIOL-G, and ADT-G were 69%, 87%, 74%, and 56% for white individuals and 70%, 73%, 62%, and 48% for black individuals respectively. Sex differences in heritability estimates were found in the white individuals, but they were less dramatic in the black individuals. In conclusion, plasma levels of androgens and androgen glucuronides are highly heritable in both white individuals and black individuals. There are notable sex differences in the white individuals.
Adolescent↗
[Study on changes of serum T helper cell type 1 and 2 cytokines after active immunotherapy in women with unexplained habitual abortion].
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the changes of serum T helper cell (TH)1/TH2 type cytokines after the active immunotherapy in unexplained habitual abortion (UHA) women. METHODS: Concentrations of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-12, interferon (IFN)-gamma, IL-4, IL-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta 1 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) method in sera from thirty-three cases of unexplained habitual abortion (UHA) women before and after active immunotherapy. Thirty normal non-pregnancy (NNP) women and thirty normal pregnancy (NP) women were taken as control. RESULTS: (1) Serum concentrations of IL-2 and IL-12 were higher significantly (P < 0.01) in UHA women [(13.3 +/- 13.8) ng/L and (50.5 +/- 25.8) ng/L, respectively] than those in NNP women [(4.6 +/- 6.4) ng/L and (20.3 +/- 28.2) ng/L, respectively]. Serum concentrations of IL-4 and IL-10 were lower significantly (P < 0.01) in UHA women [(13.8 +/- 1.0) ng/L and (13.5 +/- 0.7) ng/L, respectively] than those in NNP women [(14.5 +/- 1.2) ng/L and (14.9 +/- 2.4) ng/L, respectively]. However, there were no significant differences in serum concentrations of IFN-gamma and TGF-beta 1 between UHA women and NNP women. (2) Serum concentrations of IL-2 were lower significantly (P < 0.05) in NP women [(1.6 +/- 4.3) ng/L] than those in NNP women. Serum concentrations of IL-4 were higher significantly (P < 0.01) in NP women [(16.3 +/- 0.8) ng/L] than those in NNP women. But there were no significant differences in serum concentrations of IFN-gamma, IL-10 and TGF-beta 1 between NP and NNP women. (3) After active immunotherapy, serum concentrations of IL-2 and IL-12 were decreased significantly [(5.6 +/- 9.0) ng/L and (28.5 +/- 40.3) ng/L respectively, P < 0.01] whereas serum concentrations of IL-4 and IL-10 were increased significantly [(14.7 +/- 1.2) ng/L and (15.0 +/- 1.8) ng/L respectively, P < 0.01] in UHA women. In addition, no significant changes in serum concentrations of IFN-gamma and TGF-beta 1 were found in UHA women after immunotherapy. (4) As compared to NNP women. there were no significant differences in serum concentrations of the above-mentioned cytokines in UHA women after active immunotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that profile of TH1/TH2 type cytokines tilts to TH2 immunity in normal pregnancy, but to TH1 immunity in UHA. The active immunotherapy could make a shift from TH1 to TH2 immunity, thus favoring the maintenance of pregnancy.
Abortion, Habitual↗
Genetic analysis of wild-type hepatitis A virus strains.
OBJECTIVE: To clarify the distribution of hepatitis A virus (HAV) genotype in geographical regions of China. METHODS: Seventeen representative HAV strains were isolated from the stool or serum of hepatitis A patients in different geographical regions. Viral RNA was recovered from stool or serum by proteinase K digestion and phenol-chloroform extraction, followed by ethanol precipitation prior to reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplification. The nucleotide sequences of VP1/2A junction region were tested by using a direct sequencing technique. RESULTS: A pairwise comparison of sequences within 168 bases at the VP1/2A junction revealed that all the sequences clustered within genotype I. About 53% of strains clustered in genotype I B, with less than 6% variability; while the others clustered in genotype I A, with less than 5.3% variability. Sequence homology between genotype I A and I B varied from 88.7% to 92.3%. CONCLUSION: Epidemic or sporadic HAV strains in China may belong to HAV genotype I A or I B. Epidemiologically related strains may be identical or closely related in sequence.
Genotype↗