Biomedical subjects

Y Ge

Publications and source records attributed to Y Ge.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources

PubMed2000

Glatiramer acetate (Copaxone) treatment in relapsing-remitting MS: quantitative MR assessment.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of glatiramer acetate (GA, Copaxone; Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., Petah Tiqva, Israel) by MRI-based measures in patients with relapsing-remitting (RR) MS. METHODS: Twenty-seven patients with clinically definite RR-MS were treated with either 20 mg of GA by daily subcutaneous self-injection (n = 14) or placebo (n = 13) for approximately 24 months. Axial dual-echo fast-spin-echo T2-weighted images and T1-weighted images before and after gadolinium (Gd) were acquired at 1.5 tesla and transferred into an image processing computer system. The main outcome measures were the number of Gd-enhanced T1 and T2 lesions and their volume as well as brain parenchyma volume. RESULTS: The values of age, disease duration, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score, the number of T1- and T2-weighted lesions, and their volume were similar between GA- and placebo-receiving groups at the entry of this study. There was a decrease in the number of T1-enhanced lesions (p = 0.03) and a significant percent annual decrease of their volume in GA recipients compared with those of placebo recipients. There were no significant differences between changes in the two groups in the number of T2 lesions and their volume. The loss of brain tissue was significantly smaller in the GA group compared with that of the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: These results show that GA treatment may decrease both lesion inflammation and the rate of brain atrophy in RR-MS.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Total brain N-acetylaspartate: a new measure of disease load in MS.

OBJECTIVE: To quantitate the extent of neuronal cell loss in MS via the whole brain's N-acetylaspartate (NAA) concentration (WBNAA). METHODS: Because NAA is assumed to be present only in neuronal cell bodies and their axons, we measured WBNAA as a marker for viable neurons in 12 patients (9 women and 3 men, 26 to 53 years of age) suffering from relapsing-remitting (RR) MS for at least 5 years and compared them with 13 age- and sex-matched normal controls. Total brain NAA was determined with proton MR spectroscopy, and WBNAA was obtained by dividing it by the total brain volume, calculated from high resolution MRI. RESULTS: The WBNAA of the RR MS patients was lower than their matched controls (p<0.005). This difference was greater among older than younger subjects. The linear prediction equations of WBNAA with age indicate a faster, x10, decline in the patients, approximately 0.8% per year of age (p = 0.022). CONCLUSION: The age-dependent decrease of whole brain N-acetylaspartate (WBNAA) in the patients suggests that progressive neuronal cell loss is a cardinal feature of this disease. WBNAA offers a quick, highly reproducible measure of disease progression and may be an important marker of treatment efficacy in MS as well as other neurodegenerative diseases.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Numerical tissue characterization in MS via standardization of the MR image intensity scale.

Image intensity standardization is a recently developed postprocessing method that is capable of correcting the signal intensity variations in MR images. We evaluated signal intensity of healthy and diseased tissues in 10 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients based on standardized dual fast spin-echo MR images using a numerical postprocessing technique. The main idea of this technique is to deform the volume image histogram of each study to match a standard histogram and to utilize the resulting transformation to map the image intensities into standard scale. Upon standardization, the coefficients of variation of signal intensities for each segmented tissue (gray matter, white matter, lesion plaques, and diffuse abnormal white matter) in all patients were significantly smaller (2.3-9.2 times) than in the original images, and the same tissues from different patients looked alike, with similar intensity characteristics. Numerical tissue characterizability of different tissues in MS achieved by standardization offers a fixed tissue-specific meaning for the numerical values and can significantly facilitate image segmentation and analysis.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

The p53-independent tumoricidal activity of an adenoviral vector encoding a p27-p16 fusion tumor suppressor gene.

We describe here that DE1-adenovirus vectors (AV) expressing a p27-p16 fusion molecule, termed W9, induce tumor cell apoptosis when overexpressed in a wide range of tumor cell types. However, in primary human cells derived from a variety of normal tissues, AV-W9 induced minimal apoptosis. In tumor cells AV-W9 demonstrated 5- to 50-fold greater tumoricidal activity than either of the parental molecules p16 and p27. In these studies, AV-W9 elicited apoptosis independent of the p53 and Rb status of the tumor cells. In several murine tumor models AV-W9 demonstrated p53-independent antitumor activity. It completely prevented tumor formation in two ex vivo models, whereas the parental molecules resulted in partial protection. Furthermore, AV-W9 induced tumor regression or suppressed tumor growth when introduced intratumorally into preestablished tumors in mice. This effect may be mediated through tumor cell apoptosis or antiangiogenic activity of AV-W9. Thus, this novel chimeric molecule is more potent and capable of killing a broader spectrum of tumors than the parental p16 and p27 molecules independent of the tumor cell p53 and phenotype and represents a powerful new therapeutic agent for cancer gene therapy.

Adenoviridae↗

PubMed2000

In vivo detection of human vascular endothelial growth factor promoter activity in transgenic mouse skin.

We have generated transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) driven by 2.453-kb (-2,362 to +91) of the 5'-upstream region of the human vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) promoter to monitor changes of VEGF gene transcription in situ. Neonatal transgenic mice exhibited GFP-derived fluorescence in tissues that have been previously reported to express VEGF mRNA expression, including lung, cartilage, and brain. In normal skin during postnatal development, moderate fluorescence was observed in the upper epidermis and, more prominently, in the outer root sheath keratinocytes of hair follicles. Strong up-regulation of GFP fluorescence was observed in the hyperplastic epidermis of the wound edge at 48 hours after wounding, whereas little GFP fluorescence was detected in the dermis. In situ hybridization confirmed an identical expression pattern of VEGF mRNA in these wounds. Topical application of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) induced strong VEGF-GFP expression in suprabasal epidermis. Little or no fibroblast-derived fluorescence was seen both in the wound model and after TPA application. By confocal laser microscopy, increased GFP fluorescence was detectable in the epidermis of intact mouse ear skin as early as 6 hours after topical TPA treatment. Importantly, GFP fluorescence was also measurable in the skin of living transgenic mice. These results resolve the present controversy regarding the ability of VEGF-GFP transgenic mouse models to correctly reflect established patterns of VEGF expression, and show the model to be a powerful tool for the in vivo monitoring of VEGF gene expression.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Introduction of human erythropoietin receptor complementary DNA by retrovirus-mediated gene transfer into murine embryonic stem cells enhances erythropoiesis in developing embryoid bodies.

To evaluate the role of the erythropoietin (Epo) receptor (R) in erythropoiesis in more primitive stem cells, we assessed the influence of retrovirus-mediated gene transfer of human (h) EpoR complementary DNA (cDNA) into murine embryonic stem (ES) cells on erythroid differentiation of these cells. The hEpoR cDNA was efficiently transduced into ES cells, forming hEpoR that stably expressed ES (ES-hEpoR) cells. Expression of hEpoR cDNA was confirmed in ES-hEpoR cells by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Northern blot analysis. Colony assays demonstrated that definitive erythroid and primitive erythroid colonies were significantly increased from ES-hEpoR cells, when compared with mock virus-transduced ES (ES-Neo) cells, during the time course of differentiation induced by withdrawal of leukemia inhibitory factor, in either the presence or the absence of Epo. Multipotential colony-forming units (CFU-Mix) were also increased in ES-hEpoR cells at different stages of differentiation, but no changes were detected for CFU-granulocyte-macrophage colonies (CFU-GM). Time course studies by Northern blot analysis demonstrated elevated levels of expression of beta-H1 and beta-Major globin genes in embryoid bodies derived from ES-hEpoR cells stimulated with Epo, when compared with similar expression from ES-Neo cells. Expression of the GATA-1 gene was enhanced in ES-hEpoR cells, when compared with ES-Neo cells, beginning immediately after initiation of the cultures until 8 days of differentiation. These data indicate that primitive and definitive erythropoiesis in differentiating embryoid bodies can be enhanced by retrovirus-mediated gene transfer of an hEpoR gene.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Electrophoretic mobility shift assay for the detection of specific DNA-protein complex in nuclear extracts from the cultured cells and frozen autopsy human brain tissue.

The electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) is generally used to study the interaction of transcription factors to specific DNA sequences. The preparation of high quality nuclear extracts is an important step before performing the assay. Here we describe a rapid method for the isolation of good-quality DNA-binding proteins from cultured cell lines and autopsy tissue samples from the human brain. The 'rapid method' (RM) utilizes the low salt/detergent lysis steps followed by high salt extraction of nuclei. To test and compare the activity of nuclear extracts prepared by the standard and 'rapid' methods for its ability to form the specific DNA-protein complex, EMSA was carried out with three different oligonucleotide probes: AP1, NF-kappaB and URE. A comparative study indicates that the capacity to form the specific DNA-protein complex with these oligonucleotide probes by standard and RM nuclear extracts was very similar. Each nuclear extract formed the corresponding DNA-protein complex, the specificity of which was checked by the competition experiment. In some cases unspecific bands were observed and which were present in nuclear extracts from both preparations. Thus the simplicity of the 'rapid method' permits the preparation of nuclear extracts from several cell lines and tissue samples at the same time at much shorter time than the 'standard' method without compromising the DNA-binding activity. The RM can be applied to determine the cell type or tissue specificity of transcription factors in an efficient, economical and consistent manner.

5' Untranslated Regions↗

PubMed2000

Some nutritional and functional properties of defatted wheat germ protein.

Defatted wheat germ protein (DWGP) was isolated by alkaline extraction at pH 9.5 and subsequent isoelectric precipitation at pH 4.0, and its nutritional and functional properties were studied. The results showed that the amino acid content of defatted wheat germ was as high as 26.793 g/100 g, and the contents of eight essential amino acids were all relatively high. The isoelectric point of DWGP was 4.0. When pH >6.0, the DWGP had high solubility with a nitrogen solubility index of 70%. The emulsifying activity and emulsifying stability of DWGP were similar to those of bovine serum albumin and a little higher than those of casein. DWGP had good foaming capacity, but its foaming stability (FS) was not very good. However, the FS of DWGP can be improved through physical, chemical, or enzymatic methods. Moreover, DWGP had excellent water retention (WR); especially at pH 8.0 and a temperature of 70 degrees C, the WR of DWGP was the highest at 229.4%. DWGP offers is a potential source of functional protein isolate for possible food applications.

Chemical Phenomena↗

PubMed2000

Enhancement of proliferation and differentiation of erythroid progenitors by co-transduction of erythropoietin receptor and H-ras cDNAS into single CD34(3+) cord blood cells.

Our previous studies have demonstrated that retrovirus-mediated gene transduction of either the human erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) or H-ras cDNA into single purified hematopoietic progenitor (HPC), CD34(3+), cells from cord blood (CB) resulted in increased numbers and sizes of erythroid cell containing colonies. We therefore evaluated if there were further effects when H-ras and EpoR genes were co-transduced into the same progenitor cells. Highly purified single sorted CD34(3+) CB cells were transduced with retroviral vectors encoding EpoR or H-ras cDNA. At the single cell level, and in response to stimulation by a combination of growth factors, including Epo, the number of colonies formed by BFU-E and CFU-GEMM was significantly increased in cells transduced with either single H-ras or EpoR cDNA compared to mock virus-transduced cells as previously described. Increased numbers of BFU-E, but not CFU-GEMM, colonies were produced from cells simultaneously co-transduced with both EpoR and Hras genes. Little or no growth was seen in transduced cells without exogenously added cytokines. The size of all types of colonies including CFU-GM was increased in cells transduced with H-ras and/or EpoR cDNAs, and the greatest increase was noticed in cells co-transduced with both genes. Integration and expression of either gene in individual colonies as assessed by PCR and RT-PCR analysis were 45-62% and 48-58%, respectively, with approximately 31% of the cells containing and expressing both genes. These results add to information suggesting an enhancing interacting role of H-ras and EpoR in erythroid proliferation/differentiation.

Antigens, CD34↗

PubMed2000

A genomic analysis of two-component signal transduction in Streptococcus pneumoniae.

A genomics-based approach was used to identify the entire gene complement of putative two-component signal transduction systems (TCSTSs) in Streptococcus pneumoniae. A total of 14 open reading frames (ORFs) were identified as putative response regulators, 13 of which were adjacent to genes encoding probable histidine kinases. Both the histidine kinase and response regulator proteins were categorized into subfamilies on the basis of phylogeny. Through a systematic programme of mutagenesis, the importance of each novel TCSTS was determined with respect to viability and pathogenicity. One TCSTS was identified that was essential for the growth of S. pneumoniaeThis locus was highly homologous to the yycFG gene pair encoding the essential response regulator/histidine kinase proteins identified in Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. Separate deletions of eight other loci led in each case to a dramatic attenuation of growth in a mouse respiratory tract infection model, suggesting that these signal transduction systems are important for the in vivo adaptation and pathogenesis of S. pneumoniae. The identification of conserved TCSTSs important for both pathogenicity and viability in a Gram-positive pathogen highlights the potential of two-component signal transduction as a multicomponent target for antibacterial drug discovery.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

An orthogonal moment-based method for automatic verification of radiation field shape.

The purpose of this paper is to develop a new method for automated on-line verification of the treatment field shape during radiotherapy. The treatment field boundary is extracted from the digital portal image and is then approximated by a polygon. The proposed procedure used one of the approved field shapes as the reference boundary for automated comparison with subsequent portal field boundaries. The orthogonal moment-based method was applied to align treatment field boundaries that include the translational shifts, scaling factor and rotation angle. Firstly, the moments of order up to one were used to adjust the magnification and translation of the test field boundary related to the reference one; this step created a common coordinate system for the two images. Then a quadratic least-square objective function based on the orthogonal moments (e.g. Legendre moments) of the two field shapes was employed to perform rotational correction. Since moment computation by a straightforward method required a large number of multiplication and addition operations, a fast method for computing Legendre moments was also developed to decrease the calculation time. Application of the method to some simulated cases showed that our alignment procedure has an accuracy of 0.5 mm in detecting translational shift, 0.004 in detecting magnification and less than 0.3 degrees in detecting rotation angle between the test shape and the reference shape. The alignment procedure using the proposed method can be done within 2 s on a Pentium II personal computer. Therefore, our method is potentially useful for automated real-time treatment field shape verification.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2000

Co-transduction of cDNAs for c-kit and steel factor into single CD34+ cord blood cells further enhances the growth of erythroid and multipotential progenitors.

Previous studies have demonstrated that the c-kit encoded tyrosine kinase receptor and its ligand, steel factor (SLF), are critical for normal blood cell development. We have reported that transduction of the c-kit gene into single hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC), CD34(+++) cells, from cord blood (CB) enhances erythroid colony formation via a SLF-dependent mechanism. We therefore decided to evaluate the impact on cell proliferation of co-transducing c-kit and SLF cDNAs into these cells. CD34(+++) cells were sorted as a population or as 1 cell/well for cells expressing the highest levels of CD34 and different levels of c-kit. Cells were then prestimulated with granulocyte macrophage (GM)-colony stimulating factor (CSF), interleukin (IL)-3, IL-6, erythropoietin (Epo) in the presence and absence of various concentrations of SLF. Cells were then transduced with SLF and/or c-kit cDNAs, and then assayed for colony formation with the same cytokine combination. At a single cell level, co-transduction with c-kit and SLF genes significantly enhanced colony formation compared with individual gene transduction, especially by erythroid and multipotential progenitors that responded to stimulation by added cytokines. Little or no growth was seen with the c-kit- and/or SLF-transduced cells without addition of cytokines. The degree of enhancement effected by co-transduction inversely correlated with the degree of expression of c-kit protein before transduction. Optimal enhancing effects were noted in CD34(+++) kit(Lo/-) cells co-transduced with both c-kit and SLF cDNAs. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain (RT-PCR) analysis of SLF mRNA expression in CD34(+++) cells and enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA) measurement of secreted SLF protein demonstrated that the transduced SLF cDNA was expressed and soluble SLF was released in medium cultured with SLF gene transduced MACS-separated CD34(+) cells in the presence, but not in the absence, of IL-3, GM-CSF, IL-6, and Epo. These results demonstrate the enhancement of the proliferation of growth factor responsive HPC that express transduced c-kit and SLF genes.

Antigens, CD34↗

PubMed2000

Brain atrophy in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: longitudinal quantitative analysis.

PURPOSE: To determine annual rates of volumetric changes in the whole-brain parenchyma of patients with relapsing-remitting and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) and test the hypothesis that these changes correlate with clinical disability. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A computer-assisted segmentation technique with thin-section magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was used in 36 patients with MS (27 relapsing-remitting, nine secondary progressive) and in 20 control subjects to quantify brain and cerebrospinal fluid volumes. To determine the degree of brain atrophy, the percentage brain parenchyma volume (PBV) relative to that of intracranial contents was calculated. RESULTS: At the beginning of the study, the PBV was smaller in the MS group than in the control group (P = .007); brain parenchyma volumes were similar. The median rate of brain volume loss was 17.3 mL per year in patients with relapsing-remitting MS and 23.6 mL per year in those with secondary progressive MS. There was a negative correlation between brain atrophy and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score in patients with secondary progressive MS (r = -0.69, P = .004) and no correlation in patients with relapsing-remitting MS. T2 lesion volume did not correlate with brain atrophy in either group. CONCLUSION: The correlation between brain atrophy and EDSS score was better in patients with secondary progressive MS than in those with relapsing-remitting MS.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Study on polymorphism of MICA exon 5 microsatellite in Shanghai Han population.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the polymorphism distribution of MICA gene exon 5 microsatellite in Shanghai Han population and study the relationship of MICA gene and its closely linked gene HLA B. METHODS: The microsatellite polymorphism of MICA exon 5 in 175 unrelated healthy individuals were investigated using PCR-heteroduplex analysis. RESULTS: (1)There are 5 alleles of the microsatellite polymorphism in exon 5 of the MICA gene in Shanghai Han population, the gene frequency of MICA*A5 is the highest(39.14%), the next is MICA*A5.1(22.29%). (2)There is strong linkage disequilibrium between the HLA-B and MICA STR loci, e.g. MICA*A5 and HLA-B15, MICA*A4 and HLA-B27. CONCLUSION: The polymorphism distribution of MICA gene and the linkage disequilibrium between MICA and HLA-B have deviations in different ethnic groups.

China↗

PubMed1999

Binuclear metal centers in plant purple acid phosphatases: Fe-Mn in sweet potato and Fe-Zn in soybean.

Purple acid phosphatases comprise a family of binuclear metal-containing acid hydrolases, representatives of which have been found in animals, plants, and fungi. The goal of this study was to characterize purple acid phosphatases from sweet potato tubers and soybean seeds and to establish their relationship with the only well-characterized plant purple acid phosphatase, the FeIII-ZnII-containing red kidney bean enzyme. Metal analysis indicated the presence in the purified sweet potato enzyme of 1.0 g-atom of iron, 0.6-0.7 g-atom of manganese, and small amounts of zinc and copper. The soybean enzyme contained 0.8-0.9 g-atom of iron, 0.7-0.8 g-atom of zinc per subunit, and small amounts of manganese, copper, and magnesium. Both enzymes exhibited visible absorption maxima at 550-560 nm, with molar absorption coefficients of 3200 and 3300 M(-1) cm(-1), respectively, very similar to the red kidney bean enzyme. Substrate specificities were markedly different from those of the red kidney bean enzyme. A cloning strategy was developed based on N-terminal sequences of the sweet potato and soybean enzymes and short sequences around the conserved metal ligands of the mammalian and red kidney bean enzymes. Three sequences were obtained, one from soybean and two from sweet potato. All three showed extensive sequence identity (>66%) with red kidney bean purple acid phosphatase, and all of the metal ligands were conserved. The combined results establish that these enzymes are binuclear metalloenzymes: Fe-Mn in the sweet potato enzyme and Fe-Zn in soybean. The sweet potato enzyme is the first well-defined example of an Fe-Mn binuclear center in a protein.

Acid Phosphatase↗

PubMed1999

Anti-tumor activity of human T cells expressing the CC49-zeta chimeric immune receptor.

A chimeric immune receptor consisting of an extracellular antigen-binding domain derived from the CC49 humanized single-chain antibody, linked to the CD3zeta signaling domain of the T cell receptor, was generated (CC49-zeta). This receptor binds to TAG-72, a mucin antigen expressed by most human adenocarcinomas. CC49-zeta was expressed in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and induced cytokine production on stimulation. Human T cells expressing CC49-zeta recognized and killed tumor cell lines and primary tumor cells expressing TAG-72. CC49-zeta T cells did not mediate bystander killing of TAG-72-negative cells. In addition, CC49-zeta T cells not only killed FasL-positive tumor cells in vitro and in vivo, but also survived in their presence, and were immunoprotective in intraperitoneal and subcutaneous murine tumor xenograft models with TAG-72-positive human tumor cells. Finally, receptor-positive T cells were still effective in killing TAG-72-positive targets in the presence of physiological levels of soluble TAG-72, and did not induce killing of TAG-72-negative cells under the same conditions. This approach is being currently being utilized in a phase I clinical trial for the treatment of colon cancer.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Coimmobilization of glucoamylase and glucose isomerase by molecular deposition technique for one-step conversion of dextrin to fructose.

Glucose isomerase was immobilized by itself with adsorption and coimmobilized with glucoamylase by molecular deposition technique using macroporous trimethylamine polystyrene beads. Approximately 77.5% of the enzyme added was immobilized. The pH-activity curve of the immobilized glucose isomerase was broadened, resulting in 75% retention of its maximum activity at pH 6.2. The Km of the immobilized glucose isomerase was 1.28-fold that of the soluble one. When the two enzymes were immobilized together, the system was found capable of functioning at pH 6.0 to produce fructose from starch and dextrin. At this pH, the total fructose output of the coimmobilized enzyme system after 24 h was 1.9 times that of the free enzyme system.

Aldose-Ketose Isomerases↗

PubMed1999

Usefulness of diffusion-weighted MRI with echo-planar technique in the evaluation of cellularity in gliomas.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with echo-planar imaging (EPI) technique in depicting the tumor cellularity and grading of gliomas. Twenty consecutive patients (13 men and 7 women, ranging in age from 13 to 69 years) with histologically proven gliomas were examined using a 1.5 T superconducting imager. Tumor cellularity, analyzed with National Institutes of Health Image 1.60 software on a Macintosh computer, was compared with the minimum apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and the signal intensity on the T2-weighted images. The relationship of the minimum ADC to the tumor grade was also evaluated. Tumor cellularity correlated well with the minimum ADC value of the gliomas (P = 0.007), but not with the signal intensity on the T2-weighted images. The minimum ADC of the high-grade gliomas was significantly higher than that of the low-grade gliomas. Diffusion-weighted MRI with EPI is a useful technique for assessing the tumor cellularity and grading of gliomas. This information is not obtained with conventional MRI and is useful for the diagnosis and characterization of gliomas.

Adolescent↗