[Food allergy: effect of proteins-lipids and proteins-polysaccharides interactions].
The most widely used ingredients in food formulation are proteins, lipids and polysaccharides. Proteins-lipids and proteins-polysaccharides interactions play a key role in the structure, stability, sensorial and nutritional properties of formulated foods. The objective of the present study is to highlight the importance of proteins-lipids and proteins-polysaccharides interactions, on the immuno-reactivity of allergenic proteins. Two models have been studied, on the one hand refined and not refined oils (soya and sunflower) and soya lecithin, on the other hand mixtures based on peanut proteins and polysaccharides (arabic gum, pectin, xylan). STUDY OF OILS: We have extracted proteins, using a PBS buffer, from refined and not refined oils from soya, sunflower and from soya lecithin, determined protein concentrations and identified allergenic proteins using SDS-PAGE electrophoresis and immuno-blotting. Phospholipids are determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The protein determination and SDS-PAGE show the presence of a higher amount of proteins in not refined oils and lecithin as compared to refined oils. An important amount of proteins associated to phospholipids are eliminated by degumming on the form of lecithin. On the other hand, residual proteins from refined oils are accompanied by phospholipids. Immuno-blots reveal the presence of a 56 kDa allergen in oils issued from soya seeds and soya lecithin, and the presence of a 67 kDa allergen in oils issued from sunflower seeds. We conclude that the presence or elimination of proteins, especially allergens from oils is linked to amphiphilic association to phospholipids. STUDY OF PEANUT PROTEINS-POLYSACCHARIDES MIXTURES: We have digested in vitro proteins in a dialysis bag using a multi-enzymatic method and characterized proteins and peptides using SDS-PAGE electrophoresis and immuno-blotting. Our results confirm that peanut proteins alone are digested by proteases and that a number of large peptides still have epitopes recognized by anti-peanut proteins antibodies. Our results also show that the presence of polysaccharides changes the peptidic profile after digestion and that, depending on the polysaccharide type, smaller or larger peptides can be obtained in the dialysis bag. Smaller peptides are obtained using pectin whereas larger peptides are obtained using arabic gum and xylan. In the latter case, an increasing amount of peptides reacts to antibodies. Our first observations clearly show the need to better understand modifications of proteins allergenicity induced by the presence of other ingredients such as polysaccharides and lipids, in relation to technological treatments.