Biomedical subjects

Y Duan

Publications and source records attributed to Y Duan.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources

PubMed2000

[An approach to achieve classification of QRS waves with wavelet multiresolution analysis and fractal dimension].

This paper discussed the theoretical analysis of multiresolution ECGs decomposition and expounds the calculation of the fractal dimension. Based on Mallat's multiresolution analysis and fractal dimension of the series, a new approach to classify the QRS complex was provided: the QRS complex was decomposed with a quadratic spline wavelet. At scale 4, the fractal dimension of the decomposed series was calculated, the values of modulus maxima of wavelet transform and the fractal dimension were used as discriminatory criteria to classify QRS. The method was simple and had high anti-noise ability.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2000

[Prospective study on the relationship between treatment duration of antithyroid drug and remission rate of Graves' disease].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the potential benefits of 36-month treatment with 6- and 18-month treatment of antithyroid drug in patients with hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease (GD). METHODS: 183 GD patients were studied prospectively. All patients received methimazole (MMI) at decreasing doses for 6, 18 or 36 months. The relapse rates 18 months after MMI withdrawal were compared between the three therapy groups. RESULTS: The relapse rate 18 months after the discontinuation of treatment was higher in patients treated for 6 months than in those treated for 18 or 36 months. There was no significant difference between 18-month and 36-month treatment groups. At the end of therapy, serum thyroid stimulating antibody (TSAB) and TSH receptor antibody (TRAB) titers were greater in patents treated for 6 months (320 +/- 191 for TSAB and 8.72 +/- 5.23 for TRAB) and 18 months (165 +/- 87 and 4.55 +/- 4.17) than in those treated for 36 months (126 +/- 77 and 2.19 +/- 2.64), but no statistical difference was found between the three groups before MMI treatment. TSAB and TRAB titers were higher in patients who relapsed after discontinuation of MMI (287 +/- 94 and 6.14 +/- 2.37, respectively) compared with those who remained euthyroid through the 18-month follow-up period (144 +/- 61 and 1.97 +/- 1.06). CONCLUSIONS: Negative TSAB or TRAB at the end of antithyroid therapy is a good indicator for a long-term remission after treatment withdrawal. However, treatment duration greater than 18 months does not improve remission rate of GD.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

[Treatment of Class II division 1 extraction cases by use of edgewise technique].

OBJECTIVE: To treat class II division 1 extraction cases by means of Edgewise technique. METHODS: 27 skeletal class II division 1 malocclusion patients were extracted 2 upper first premolars and 2 lower second premolars, and treated by Edgewise principles and sequential force system. They aged from 11 to 20. The duration of orthodontic treatment was 25.5 months on average(22-28 months). RESULTS: The patients' profile was much improved; Molar relation changed from class II to class I relationship; Anterior overjet and overbite are normal; Good occlusal intercuspation is also achieved. The ANB angle was significantly changed from 5.6 degrees +/- 2.2 degrees to 3.2 degrees +/- 1.4 degrees; Z angle was altered from 60.8 degrees +/- 5.8 degrees to 76.4 degrees +/- 6.6 degrees; Distance of AO-BO was reduced from 6.8 +/- 2.4 mm to 3.2 +/- 1.1 mm. CONCLUSIONS: Edgewise technique is an effective method for treatment of class II division 1 extraction cases.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

[Carcinogenesis effects of gastric and duodenal refluxate on esophageal mucosa].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of different refluxant on esophageal carcinogenesis in rats. METHODS: The animal models of gastroesophageal reflux (G), duodenoesophageal reflux (D) and duodenogastroesophageal reflux (DG) and no reflux as control (C) were made by operations. The rats in all of the groups were given carcinogen (methyl-n-amyl nitrosamine, MANA). They were killed at 4, 20, 26, 40-week, then their esophagi were taken to the morphologic study and the expression of p53, cyclinD(1), CDK(4) studied with immunohistochemical studies. RESULTS: At 4-week without carcinogen, most of rats in reflux groups displayed evidence of esophageal mucosal injury. The degree of mucosal injury in D group was greater than that in DG which was greater than that in G; and became severity with the time. At 40 weeks, the incidences of papillomas in group D, DG, G were 94.7%, 95.2%, 70.5%, respectively. All of them compared to the group C (38.5%) were significant difference. Only in both D and DG group, there were 24 with esophageal columnar metaplasia, 20 with dysplasia and 11 with cancer. The overexpression of p53, CDK(4), cyclin D(1) was seen in D and DG groups, while in G group, the overexpression of p53 and cyclin D(1) were seen only. CONCLUSION: Both of gastric juice and duodenal contents reflux can promote tumourgenesis of MANA on esophagi by changing the expression of cell cycle-related protein. The effect of duodenal contents is stronger. It may play an important role in tumourgenesis of gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

[The natural history of HIV infection among IDUs in Ruili, Yunnan province, China].

OBJECTIVE: To study the natural history of HIV infections among intravenous drug users. METHODS: Six hundred and twenty five HIV infected people in Ruili, Yunnan province were observed. Retrospective data was analysed combined with a cross - sectional survey. RESULTS: The number of death was 190 among 625 HIV - positive people. The cumulative death rate among HIV infected persons was 76.9 per 1,000 person - year, and the AIDS related death rate was 19.8 per 1,000 person - year. The median survival period of HIV infected persons was 9 years, and the median incubation period was about 8 years. CONCLUSION: Of HIV infected people in Ruili, the median survival and incubation period were shorter compared with those in the United States and Western Europe.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

[The study of occlusal contact areas of upper premolars and molars in the unilateral cleft lip and palate].

OBJECTIVE: Occlusal contact plays an important roll in masticatory procedure. It infers to biting force and masticatory performance. In order to analysis the oral function in UCLP, the author tested the occlusal contact areas of upper premolars and molars in UCLP. METHODS: 22 UCLP patients (male 13, female 9, permanent teeth) were selected, which had no temporomandibular joint dysfunction. All of them had received plastic surgery treatment and never received orthodontic therapy. Their occlusal contact areas of upper premolars and molars in intercaspid position were recorded by performed soft wax, and the results were managed by computer with the software of micro image analysis system. All the data were input to computer and be analyzed by statistics. RESULTS: 1. In normal people, the occlusal contact areas of upper premolars and molars had no differences in bilateral and in sexual. 2. there was no sexual difference in UCLP as that in normal group, and the occlusal contact areas in cleft side or non-cleft side had no difference yet. 3. The occlusal contact areas in UCLP were lower than that in normal people. 4. The decrease of occlusal contact areas was the most important factor to low masticatory performance in UCLP patients. CONCLUSION: After plastic surgery in UCLP, orthodontic therapy will improve masticatory contact and contribute to craniofacial esthetic and masticatory function.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

[Determinations and analysis of masticatory performance in unilateral cleft lip and palate].

OBJECTIVE: Masticatory function is one of the most important physical functions in craniomaxilla system. Masticatory performance is evaluated with the degree of broken dawn tested food in a limited period of time. Unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) is a congenital abnormality in craniofacial growth and developing. It seriously damages face esthetics and masticatory function in UCLP patients. METHODS: 28 UCLP patients (male 17, female 11, permanent teeth) were selected, which all had received plastic operation treatments and never received any orthodontic therapy. The masticatory performance was determined by the advanced light absorbtion method and took peanuts as tested food. Meanwhile, malocclusal patterns and castings were identified in clinic. All of the data were treated with t-test and step wise-regression in statistics. RESULTS: 1. Masticatory performance of male was higher than that of female in normal people, but there was no sexual difference in UCLP. 2. Masticatory performance in UCLP was lower about 53.97% than that in normal people. 3. Different masticatory times within limited time had no effects on masticatory performance. 4. Different Patterns of malocclusion had different effects on masticatory performance. CONCLUSION: Orthodontic therapy is necessary to improve masticatory function in UCLP after plastic surgery.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

[A study of sensory pathway in central nervous system of experimental tooth movement in rats].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether ventral posteromedial thalamus nucleus (VPM) receive the stimulation from experimental tooth movement in rats through the conduction of spinal trigeminal caudal nucleus (Vc), thus to study the central sensory pathway of tooth movement. METHODS: 2% fluorogold (FG) was injected into rat's VPM using microinjector through retrograde tracing technique. After 4-6 days, the experimental tooth movement was conducted in contra-side against FG injection. 2 hours later, animals were sacrificed and FOS protein immunocytochemical reaction was conducted. The sections were observed under Olympus fluorescence microscope. RESULTS: FOS immunocytochemical-positive neurons were densely distributed in epilateral superfacial layer of Vc, being belt-like with more in dorsolateral 2 hours after experimental tooth movement; FG-labeled neurons were found in Vc and principle trigeminal nucleus complex, especially within the whole length of Vc, with more in layer I and the junction of layers I and II. There were both FOS immunocytochemically positive and FG-labeled neurons, approximately 5% of the whole FG-labeled neurons. CONCLUSION: As a special oro-facial stimulation, there are corresponding parts in the central nervous system according to tooth movement. The stimulating message integrated in Vc and Vc has projective neurons to VPM, and VPM might be a relay station of the stimulating message of experimental tooth movement in rats.

Afferent Pathways↗

PubMed2000

[Study on Raman spectrum of nanophase anatase].

The nanophase anatase of different sizes (2-40 nm) were synthesized with chemical precipitation method. Nanophase anatase (2-40 nm), anatase (micron) and natural anatase were investigated by Raman spectrum. The spectra indicate: when the crystalline particles sizes decreased, obvious Raman shifts towards higher frequencies were observed and the intensity of Raman scattering decreased markedly. The shift towards higher frequencies reached max (10 cm-1) at 143 cm-1 comparing 2 nm anatase and natural anatase; when the crystalline particles sizes decreased; the shifts at 515 and 637 cm-1 towards higher frequencies reached max, but while the crystalline particles sizes became smaller, the shifts reached towards lower frequencies; There was no obvious shift at 396 cm-1 with the decreasing of the crystalline particle sizes. These reflect the complexity of nanophase materials structure, that may be caused by flexibility distortion of crystal.

Crystallization↗

PubMed1999

Molecular dynamics and free-energy calculations applied to affinity maturation in antibody 48G7.

We investigated the relative free energies of hapten binding to the germ line and mature forms of the 48G7 antibody Fab fragments by applying a continuum model to structures sampled from molecular dynamics simulations in explicit solvent. Reasonable absolute and very good relative free energies were obtained. As a result of nine somatic mutations that do not contact the hapten, the affinity-matured antibody binds the hapten >10(4) tighter than the germ line antibody. Energetic analysis reveals that van der Waals interactions and nonpolar contributions to solvation are similar and drive the formations of both the germ line and mature antibody-hapten complexes. Affinity maturation of the 48G7 antibody therefore appears to occur through reorganization of the combining site geometry in a manner that optimizes the balance of gaining favorable electrostatic interactions with the hapten and losing those with solvent during the binding process. As reflected by lower rms fluctuations in the antibody-hapten complex, the mature complex undergoes more restricted fluctuations than the germ line complex. The dramatically increased affinity of the 48G7 antibody over its germ line precursor is thus made possible by electrostatic optimization.

Antibody Affinity↗

PubMed1999

Polymorphism of the vitamin D receptor gene and corticosteroid-related osteoporosis.

Corticosteroid therapy (CST) is associated with reduced intestinal calcium absorption, bone loss and increased fracture risk. As polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene may be associated with bone mineral density (BMD) and intestinal calcium absorption, we asked whether patients with a given VDR genotype receiving CST may be at increased or decreased risk for corticosteroid-related bone loss and osteoporosis. We measured areal BMD (g/cm2) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in 193 women (50 premenopausal, 143 postmenopausal) and 70 men with rheumatoid arthritis (n = 44), obstructive airway diseases (n = 128) and other corticosteroid-treated diseases (n = 91). All patients received a cumulative dose greater than 1.8 g per year or a minimum of 5 mg daily of prednisolone or equivalent for at least 1 year. VDR alleles were typed by polymerase chain reaction assay based on the polymorphic BsmI and TaqI restriction sites. BMD in patients was expressed as a Z-score (mean +/- SEM) derived from age- and gender-matched controls. BMD was reduced in patients at the lumbar spine (bb, -0.52 +/- 0.12; Bb, -0.47 +/- 0.11; BB, -0.65 +/- 0.18 SD; p < 0.01), femoral neck (bb, -0.46 +/- 0.10; Bb, -0.34 +/- 0.10; BB, -0.54 +/- 0.14 SD; p < 0.01), Ward's triangle (bb, -0.44 +/- 0.10; Bb, -0.31 +/- 0.10; BB, -0.45 +/- 0.13 SD; p < 0.01), and trochanter (bb, -0.50 +/- 0.10; Bb, -0.30 +/- 0.10; BB, -0.44 +/- 0.14 SD; p < 0.01). However, there was no significant difference in the deficit in BMD in any of the genotypes, either before or after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, disease type, age at onset of disease, disease duration, cumulative steroid dosage, smoking status and dietary calcium intake. Similarly, there were no detectable differences between the BsmI genotypes and the rate of bone loss in 79 patients with repeated BMD measurements at an interval of 4-48 months. The data suggest that the VDR genotypes may not be a means of identifying patients at greater risk of corticosteroid-related bone loss.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Is there a risk of cytomegalovirus transmission during in vitro fertilization with donated oocytes?

OBJECTIVE: To define the risk of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) transmission from donated oocytes. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: University IVF program. PATIENT(S): Sixty-seven couples undergoing 72 cycles of IVF-ET. INTERVENTION(S): None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Serum from both partners (women: n = 71; men: n = 60) was obtained for detection of antibodies to HCMV. Semen before preparation (n = 53), sperm after preparation (Percoll gradient; n = 47), cervical mucus aspirated at the time of oocyte aspiration (n = 70), and uninseminated oocytes and embryos not suitable for cryopreservation (n = 568) were frozen in liquid nitrogen. Polymerase chain reaction was used for detection of HCMV (immediate early 1 gene) in all samples collected. RESULT(S): Serum antibodies to HCMV were found in 62% of the women and 37% of the men tested. Human cytomegalovirus DNA was detected in 25% of the ejaculates and in 19% of the cervical mucus samples. There was no amplification of HCMV DNA from oocytes or embryos. CONCLUSION(S): Because we were unable to amplify HCMV DNA from any of the oocytes or embryos, it seems unlikely that HCMV is transmissible through oocyte or embryo donation.

Antibodies, Viral↗

PubMed1999

Properties of an enzyme-based low-level iodine disinfectant.

An enzyme-based iodine (EBI) disinfectant that continuously generates free molecular iodine in a controlled fashion was developed and evaluated for use in disinfecting flexible fibreoptic endoscopes (FFEs). EBI is a powder concentrate that produces iodine from sodium iodide and calcium peroxide when catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase. After dissolution in water, it delivers relatively high concentrations of free molecular iodine (> 15 ppm) at relatively low concentrations of total iodine (30-40 ppm). It demonstrates the ability to function as an effective low level iodine disinfectant by rapidly inactivating bacteria, fungi and viruses. A unique feature of the EBI system is the ability to reoxidize reduced iodine which results in a constant level of active (free molecular) iodine during use. EBI inactivates Mycobacterium bovis var BCG more rapidly than 2% glutaraldehyde (Cidex-7). Its sporicidal activity, however, was found to be slower than the aldehyde formulation. The qualification of EBI for use as a practical disinfectant was shown by its negligible toxicity in dermal, ocular, oral and inhalation studies on animals, which is attributed to the low level of total iodine in the solution.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Line defects of a two-component vector order parameter.

The line density of line defects in terms of a two-component vector order parameter are obtained from the definition of topological charges of line defects. The spatial structure and bifurcation of line defects in three-dimensional space are also studied from the topological properties of the two-component vector order parameter. The branch conditions for generating, annihilating, colliding, splitting, and merging of line defects are obtained according to the properties of the two-component vector order parameter itself. It is found that the velocities of line defects are infinite when they are being annihilated or generated, which is obtained only from the topological properties of the two-component vector order parameter.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1999

Study of the stability and unfolding mechanism of BBA1 by molecular dynamics simulations at different temperatures.

BBA1 is a designed protein that has only 23 residues. It is the smallest protein without disulfide bridges that has a well-defined tertiary structure in solution. We have performed unfolding molecular dynamics simulations on BBA1 and some of its mutants at 300, 330, 360, and 400 K to study their kinetic stability as well as the unfolding mechanism of BBA1. It was shown that the unfolding simulations can provide insights into the forces that stabilize the protein. Packing, hydrophobic interactions, and a salt bridge between Asp12 and Lys16 were found to be important to the protein's stability. The unfolding of BBA1 goes through two major steps: (1) disruption of the hydrophobic core and (2) unfolding of the helix. The beta-hairpin remains stable in the unfolding because of the high stability of the type II' turn connecting the two beta-strands.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1999

Parathyroid hormone deficiency and excess: similar effects on trabecular bone but differing effects on cortical bone.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) may be anabolic at trabecular bone and catabolic in cortical bone. As many regions of the skeleton contain both types of bone, the effects of PTH deficiency or excess may be difficult to evaluate using bone densitometry, a technique that integrates the cortical and trabecular compartments of bone. We asked the following questions: 1) Is the higher bone mineral density (BMD) in postsurgical hypoparathyroidism due to higher cortical, not trabecular, bone? 2) Is age-related bone loss slowed in patients with postsurgical hypoparathyroidism? 3) Is lower BMD in primary hyperparathyroidism the result of deficits in cortical, not trabecular, bone? BMD of the lumbar spine, proximal femur, distal radius, and femoral midshaft was measured by postero-anterior (PA) scanning, while bone mineral content (BMC) of the third lumbar vertebra was measured by lateral scanning using dual x-ray absorptiometry in 10 women, ages 64.6 +/- 3.2 yr, with postsurgical hypoparathyroidism and in 25 women, ages 68.7 +/- 1.6 yr, with primary hyperparathyroidism. Measurements were repeated 4.7 +/- 0.6 yr later in 8 patients with hypoparathyroidism and 4.0 +/- 0.4 yr later in 20 age-matched controls. Data were expressed as z scores (SD, mean +/- sem) derived from 405 postmenopausal women. In patients with hypoparathyroidism, bone mass z score of the third lumbar vertebra (vertebral body plus posterior processes) was higher than zero by PA scanning (1.26 +/- 0.58 SD, P < 0.05) and lateral scanning (1.04 +/- 0.60 SD, P = 0.1), and higher at the trabecular-rich vertebral body (1.02 +/- 0.47 SD, P = 0.07) and predominantly cortical posterior processes (0.98 +/- 0.66 SD, P = 0.1) determined by lateral scanning. The BMD z scores were higher than zero at the femoral neck (0.89 +/- 0.48 SD, P = 0.09), but not at the femoral midshaft (0.45 +/- 0.60, NS) and distal radius (0.04 +/- 0.51, NS). During follow-up, femoral neck BMD decreased in controls but not in patients with hypoparathyroidism (slope, -0.00818 +/- 0.00496 g/cm2/year vs. 0.00907 +/- 0.00583 g/cm2/year, respectively, P = 0.06). There was no change in lumbar spine BMD in either group. In 25 women with primary hyperparathyroidism, there were no deficits in BMD at the third lumbar vertebra (vertebral body plus posterior processes) by PA or lateral scanning. By lateral scanning, BMC was increased at the vertebral body (0.64 +/- 0.31 SD, P < 0.01) and reduced at the posterior processes (-0.65 +/- 0.26 SD, P < 0.05). BMD was lower at the midshaft of the femur (-0.82 +/- 0.37 SD, P < 0.05) and at the distal radius (-0.68 +/- 0.20 SD, P < 0.01), but not at the femoral neck (-0.08 +/- 0.20 SD, NS). Longitudinal data were unavailable in hyperparathyroid patients. In summary, trabecular bone is increased by both PTH deficiency and excess. Cortical bone loss is slowed by PTH deficiency and accelerated by PTH excess so that suppression of PTH may reduce age-related bone loss and the risk of fracture. Assessment of BMD in PTH deficiency and excess requires the separate study of cortical and trabecular bone.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed1999

Vertebral bone mass, size, and volumetric density in women with spinal fractures.

Bone densitometry provides a measure of bone mass expressed as bone mineral content (BMC) or areal bone mineral density (aBMD). BMC is unadjusted for bone size while aBMD is adjusted for the projected area of the region scanned but not its depth. Because patients with fractures often have reduced bone size, the deficit in BMC or aBMD relative to controls may be partly the result of the comparison of a smaller bone in patients with fractures with a bigger bone in controls without fractures. We asked, what proportion of the deficit in BMC and aBMD found in women with spine fractures relative to controls is attributable to smaller vertebral size? We measured BMC (g), volume (cm3, derived from projected area3/2), aBMD (g/cm2), and volumetric BMD (vBMD, g/cm3) of the third lumbar vertebra by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in 270 premenopausal women aged 18-43 years, 163 postmenopausal women with spine fractures aged 54-83 years, and 209 women without fractures aged 54-87 years. The regression of BMC and aBMD on volume in the premenopausal women was used to calculate volume adjusted BMC and aBMD in postmenopausal women with and without fractures (adjusted BMC = observed BMC + [50 - observed volume] x 0.29; adjusted aBMD = observed aBMD + [50 - observed volume] x 0.0044). The data were expressed in the original units and as standard deviation scores (SD) above or below the young normal mean (T scores) or the age predicted mean (Z scores). All results were expressed as mean +/- SEM. Women with spine fractures had reduced BMC (T = -2.35 +/- 0.07 SD, Z = -1.18 +/- 0.06 SD), volume (T = -1.08 +/- 0.08 SD, Z = -0.82 +/- 0.08 SD), aBMD (T = -3. 06 +/- 0.09 SD, Z = -1.14 +/- 0.06 SD) and vBMD (T = -2.67 +/- 0.10 SD, Z = - 0.94 +/- 0.07 SD) (all p < 0.001). About 48% of the difference in BMC between postmenopausal women with and without spine fractures, and about 16% of the difference in aBMD was explained by the difference in vertebral volume between them. When women with and without spine fractures were intentionally matched by aBMD (and age, height, and weight), vertebral volume was reduced (Z = -0.66 +/- 0.13 SD, p < 0.001). When women with and without fractures were intentionally matched by vertebral volume (and age, height, and weight), vBMD was reduced (Z = -1.07 +/- 0.10 SD, p < 0. 001). Women with spine fractures have smaller vertebrae with less bone in the smaller bone. About half the deficit in BMC relative to controls is due to their smaller bone size. The remainder may be due to reduced bone accrual, increased bone loss, or both. Thus, the pathogenesis of bone fragility is heterogeneous. Factors responsible for a deficit in bone mass (due to reduced accrual or excess bone loss) are unlikely to be identified when reduced bone size exaggerates the deficit, and increased bone size obscures it. Understanding the pathogenesis of bone fragility requires acknowledgment of this heterogeneity and the description of its varied morphological basis. This can be achieved by the study of the periosteal and endosteal surfaces of bone because the absolute and relative changes in these surfaces during growth and aging determine skeletal size, its mass, and architecture.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed1999

[Effect of three composite recipes on content of monoamine transmitters in hypothalamus induced by intracerebroventricular injection of interleukin-1 of rats].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the different effects of Youguiyin decoction, Sijunzi decoction, Taohong Siwu decoction on the content of monoamine transmitters in the hypothalamus induced by cytokines. METHODS: A reactive status of hypothalamic monoamine transmitters to cytokine in rat was built by observing the content change of monoamine transmitters in hypothalamic homogenate after intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of human recombinant interleukin-1 beta(IL-1 beta). On this basis, the different effect of three composite recipes on this status was observed. RESULTS: The content of norepinephrine (NE) declined significantly compared with control group after icv injection of IL-1. Compared with IL-1 group, Youguiyin further reduced the content of NE induced by icv injection of IL-1, while Taohong Siwu decoction and Sijunzi decoction did not show any effect on this status. CONCLUSIONS: It seems that Youguiyin for tonifying Kidney could increase the reactivity of hypothalamic NE neuron, Sijunzi decoction for invigorating Spleen and Taohong Siwu decoction for promoting blood circulation did not show this effect.

Animals↗