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Y C Lee

Publications and source records attributed to Y C Lee.

At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Identification by chimera formation and site-selected mutagenesis of a key amino acid residue involved in determining stereospecificity of guinea pig 3-hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase isoforms.

The 3-hydroxysteroid sulfotransferases that have been isolated and cloned from humans and rodents appear to have broad substrate specificities. In the guinea pig, however, two 3-hydroxysteroid sulfotransferases have been isolated that function according to an innate stereospecificity: the alpha-isoform acts on steroids with a 3-hydroxyl group oriented in the alpha position, whereas the beta-isoform acts on steroids where the 3-hydroxyl group is in a beta orientation. To examine the structural basis for this remarkable stereoselectivity, chimeras of the two enzymes, which are 87% identical, were constructed. A chimera consisting of the NH(2)-terminal 91 amino acids of the alpha-isoform and the COOH-terminal 196 amino acids of the beta-isoform displayed activity similar to that of the alpha-isoform. Site-selected mutagenesis of this 3alpha/beta-hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase chimera involving the 12 amino acid differences that exist between the two isoforms within the 91 amino acid NH(2)-terminal region revealed that the amino acid residue at position 51 plays a fundamental role in determining the stereospecificity exhibited by the alpha- and beta-isoforms, i.e. if residue 51 is an asparagine, alpha activity predominates, whereas if an isoleucine is in that position, beta activity prevails.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1999

Characterization of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine:alpha-6-d-mannoside beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V from a human hepatoma cell line Hep3B.

UDP-N-acetylglucosamine:alpha-6-d-mannoside beta-1, 6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (GlcNAcT-V) has been purified from cell extracts of the human hepatoma cell line, Hep3B, with 8.7% recovery. The purified enzymes had molecular masses of about 67 and 65 kDa on denaturated and natural conditions, respectively. The values of pI was 5.9. The GlcNAcT-V, when resolved by SDS-PAGE, was positive for Schiff staining, suggesting that the enzyme is glycoprotein. When GlcN,GlcN-biant-PA and UDP-GlcNAc were used as substrates, the enzyme displayed a temperature optimum of around 50 degrees C and optimum an pH of 6.5. The enzyme was stable in response to incubation from pH 4.5 to pH 10.5 at 4 degrees C for 24 h. The presence of UDP-GlcNAc and GlcN,GlcN-bi-PA protected the enzyme from heat inactivation, the extent depending upon the substrate concentration. The activity of the enzyme was stimulated by Mn2+ ion; however, it was inhibited by Fe3+. The enzyme activity was inhibited by another series of NDP-sugars including ADP-, CDP-, GDP-, and TDP-GlcNAc. Studies on the activity of the enzyme toward a variety of pyridylaminated sugars showed that the enzyme is most active toward biantennary (GlcN,GlcN-bi-PA) sugars. The enzymes had apparent Km values of 1.28 and 5.8 mM for GlcN,GlcN-bi-PA and UDP-GlcNAc, respectively. In order to isolate the GlcNAcT-V gene, PCR primers of GNN-1 and GNN-8 were designed and the amplified PCR product carrying the gene was cloned and sequenced. Nucleotide sequence analysis showed a 2220-bp open reading frame encoding a 740-amino-acid protein. This was almost same as the previously reported human sequences, except for some sequence differences in three amino acids. The three amino acid changes were as follows: 375V --> L, 555T --> R, and 592A --> G. These studies represent the detailed characterization of a purified GlcNAcT-V from human hepatoma cell Hep3B.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1999

Formulation and in vivo evaluation of ocular insert containing phenylephrine and tropicamide.

A Gelfoam based ocular device containing 1.7 mg of phenylephrine and 0.6 mg of tropicamide was formulated and evaluated for pupillary dilation in rabbits. The manufacturing procedure is fairly simple and the required excipients are inexpensive. The in vivo results show that the mydriatic response produced by the proposed device is larger and longer lasting than that produced by eyedrops with an equivalent amount of phenylephrine and tropicamide. The results reported in this study, along with those of previous studies, imply that Gelfoam(R) is a versatile drug carrier for either local or systemic drug delivery via the ophthalmic route.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Molecular cloning and functional expression of two members of mouse NeuAcalpha2,3Galbeta1,3GalNAc GalNAcalpha2,6-sialyltransferase family, ST6GalNAc III and IV.

Two cDNA clones encoding NeuAcalpha2,3Galbeta1,3GalNAc GalNAcalpha2, 6-sialyltransferase have been isolated from mouse brain cDNA libraries. One of the cDNA clones is a homologue of previously reported rat ST6GalNAc III according to the amino acid sequence identity (94.4%) and the substrate specificity of the expressed recombinant enzyme, while the other cDNA clone includes an open reading frame coding for 302 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence is not identical to those of other cloned mouse sialyltransferases, although it shows the highest sequence similarity with mouse ST6GalNAc III (43.0%). The expressed soluble recombinant enzyme exhibited activity toward NeuAcalpha2, 3Galbeta1, 3GalNAc, fetuin, and GM1b, while no significant activity was detected toward Galbeta1,3GalNAc or asialofetuin, or the other glycoprotein substrates tested. The sialidase sensitivity of the 14C-sialylated residue of fetuin, which was sialylated by this enzyme with CMP-[14C]NeuAc, was the same as that of ST6GalNAc III. These results indicate that the expressed enzyme is a new type of GalNAcalpha2,6-sialyltransferase, which requires sialic acid residues linked to Galbeta1,3GalNAc residues for its activity; therefore, we designated it mouse ST6GalNAc IV. Although the substrate specificity of this enzyme is similar to that of ST6GalNAc III, ST6GalNAc IV prefers O-glycans to glycolipids. Glycolipids, however, are better substrates for ST6GalNAc III.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1999

Ocular devices for the controlled systemic delivery of insulin: in vitro and in vivo dissolution.

Both in vitro flow-through and in vivo device removal methods were utilized to determine the dissolution rate of insulin from a Gelfoam(R) based eye device. The dissolution profiles generated by these two methods are comparable. The in vivo data suggests that there is a direct relationship between blood glucose lowering and the rate of release of insulin from the device. The in vitro dissolution results indicate that the release of insulin from the device is flow-rate dependent. The prolonged activity of the insulin is due to the gradual release of insulin from the device which results from the lachrymal system's slow and constant tear production.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Asbestos-related pleural disease in Western Australian gold-miners.

Three retired gold-mine workers from Western Australia (WA) were diagnose with asbestos-related pleural disease (two with pleural plaques and one with mesothelioma). Asbestos fibres have been found in air samples from WA gold-mines, and all three patients had worked in these mines (for five to 17 years) and had no other significant known asbestos exposure. To our knowledge, this is the first report of asbestos-related disease in gold-mine workers.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Acid-catalyzed lactonization of alpha2,8-linked oligo/polysialic acids studied by high performance anion-exchange chromatography.

Recent studies from many laboratories revealed remarkable structural, distributional, and functional diversities of oligo/polysialic acids (OSA/PSA) that exist in organisms ranging from bacteria to man. These diversities are further complicated by the fact that OSA/PSA spontaneously form lactones under even mildly acidic conditions. By using high performance anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC) with nitrate eluents, we found that lactonization of alpha2,8-linked OSA/PSA (oligo/poly-Neu5Ac, oligo/poly-Neu5Gc and oligo/poly-KDN) proceeds readily, and the lactonization process displays three discrete stages. The initial stage is characterized by limited lactonization occurring between two internal sialic acid residues, reflected by a regular pattern of lactone peaks interdigitated with non-lactonized peaks on HPAEC. In the middle stage, multiple lactonized species are formed from a molecule with a given degree of polymerization (DP), in which the maximum number of lactone rings formed equals DP minus 2. At the final stage, completely lactonized species become the major components, resulting in drastic changes in the physicochemical properties of the sample. Interestingly, the smallest lactonizable OSA are tetramer, trimer, and dimer at the initial, middle, and final stages, respectively. At any of the stages, OSA/PSA of higher DP lactonize more rapidly, but all the lactone rings rapidly open up when exposed to mild alkali. Lactonized OSA/PSA are resistant to both enzyme- and acid-catalyzed glycosidic bond cleavage. The latter fact was utilized to obtain more high DP oligo/poly(alpha2,8-Neu5Gc) chains from a polysialoglycoprotein. Our results should be useful in preparation, storage, and analysis of OSA/PSA. Possible biological significance and bioengineering potentials of lactonization are discussed.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1999

Inhibitory effects of streptozotocin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-1beta on glucokinase activity in pancreatic islets and gene expression of GLUT2 and glucokinase.

Treatment of streptozotocin (ST), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) resulted in destroying insulin-secreting beta-cells of pancreatic islets and impairment of islet glucose oxidation and glucose-induced insulin secretion. IL-1beta and TNF-alpha inhibited insulin release and glucose utilization and oxidation. It was shown that the inhibitory effects of ST, IL-1beta, and TNF-alpha were due to impaired glucokinase activity. Glucokinase activity was severely impaired by ST, IL-1beta, and TNF-alpha treatments, as confirmed by assaying enzymes and nucleotides associated with glycolysis and glucose oxidation. On the other hand, nitric oxide was a factor of the deleterious effects of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, and ST on pancreatic islets. Incubation of mouse pancreatic islets with ST at various concentrations of impairing insulin secretion resulted in generation of nitrite, stimulation of islet guanylyl cyclase and accumulation of cGMP, and inhibition of pancreatic islet mitochondrial aconitase activity to degree similar to those raised by IL-1beta and TNF-alpha. When the effects of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha on the gene expression of pancreatic GLUT2 and glucokinase were examined, the level of GLUT2 and glucokinase mRNA in pancreatic islets was significantly decreased. This suggested that IL-1beta and TNF-alpha downregulate gene expression of GLUT2 and glucokinase in pancreatic beta-cells.

Aconitate Hydratase↗
PubMed1999

Revascularization of turnover sternum: A definitive treatment for intractable funnel chest.

Twelve intractable funnel chests in young adults were treated with revascularization of the turnover sternum. The sternum and costal composite tissue were resected at the outskirt of the depressed area. Special attention was paid to the dissection of the vascular pedicle at both sides of the internal mammary vessels. The recipient vessels at one side were left long, so were the donor vessels at the other side. A segment of the rib at the exit of the recipient internal mammary vessels had to be removed to accommodate the vessels and to facilitate vascular anastomosis. Vascular anastomosis was accomplished with loupes (Keeler, sixfold magnification) in five patients because the direction of the vessels is vertically oriented. In four cases, artery and vein grafts were taken from the other side of the internal mammary vessels not bound for vascular anastomosis for length discrepancy of the vessels, while the remaining cases had direct vascular anastomosis without vascular grafting. Revascularization of the turnover sternum was performed successfully without vascular compromise. The patients all recovered well with much improved physical condition. Only one patient sustained spontaneous pneumothorax 1 month after the operation. Postoperative three-dimensional computed tomographic (CT) scan revealed increment of thoracic cage volume for 9-17%. Follow-up CT scan 2 years later revealed even more improved thoracic cage expansion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma of the uterus in a postmenopausal woman with elevated serum CA125.

BACKGROUND: Pure rhabdomyosarcoma of the uterus is an exceedingly rare tumor. While there are no commonly associated tumor markers, a previously reported case confirmed CA125 production by a pure uterine rhabdomyosarcoma. CASE: We describe a postmenopausal woman who presented with vaginal bleeding and was diagnosed with pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma of the uterus. Of particular interest was an elevated serum CA125 level at presentation. Immunohistochemical staining with CA125 antibody, however, showed no activity within the tumor. Despite aggressive therapy, the patient experienced distant nodal metastases and succumbed to the disease within 25 months of diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Our patient illustrates the typical presentation and aggressive behavior of this rare neoplasm. While serum CA125 may be a useful tumor marker in selected patients, elevated levels do not directly reflect tumor burden when associated with negative immunohistochemical staining.

CA-125 Antigen↗
PubMed1999

The efficacy of cervical conization in the treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV-positive women.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of cervical conization in the treatment of CIN in HIV-positive women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-six HIV-positive women treated with cervical conization for CIN were stratified into four groups based on surgical margin and endocervical curetting (ECC) status (group 1: -margin/-ECC, group 2: +margin/-ECC, group 3: +margin/+ECC, group 4: -margin/+ECC). The rate of histologically proven recurrent CIN was calculated for each group and compared using chi(2) analysis. The effect of +margins, +ECC, degree of dysplasia, and CD4 count on the risk of recurrence was determined by logistic regression. RESULTS: Forty-nine percent of patients with negative margins and negative ECC experienced recurrence, most within 36 months. There was no significant difference in recurrence rate for patients with positive margins (69.2%, P = 0.19), positive ECC (50%, P = 0.97), or positive margins and ECC (66.7%, P = 0.41) when compared to patients with complete excision of dysplasia. No significant difference in the mean CD4 count of patients with and without recurrent dysplasia (316 vs. 390 cells/mm3, P = 0.37) was observed. Logistic regression showed only degree of dysplasia in the cone specimen to have a marginally significant linear relationship with recurrence. CONCLUSION: Cervical conization is not an effective method for eradicating CIN in HIV-positive women. Most patients will recur despite complete excision of dysplasia. Surgical margin status, ECC status, and CD4 count appear to have no effect on recurrence rate. Although multiple procedures were necessary in some patients, cone biopsy was effective in preventing progression to invasive cervical cancer in all cases.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The significance of ASCUS cytology in HIV-positive women.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and severity of dysplasia associated with a cytologic diagnosis of atypical cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) in women infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis of cervical cytology, colposcopic impression, and cervical biopsy results was performed on 261 HIV-positive women diagnosed with ASCUS. The prevalence and grade of histologically documented cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) was determined. Patients with CD4 counts above and below 200 cells/mm(3) were compared using chi(2) analysis to determine any effect of worsening immunosuppression on the rates of associated dysplasia. RESULTS: Seven hundred sixty-one Pap smears were performed during the study period. Two hundred nine (27%) were diagnosed as ASCUS. All patients (pts) received colposcopic evaluation. The incidence of human papilloma virus (HPV) effect, low-grade CIN (I), and high-grade CIN (II, III, and carcinoma in situ) documented by cervical biopsy, cervical conization or endocervical curettings was 40, 17, and 15%, respectively. No cases of invasive cancer were found. These results are similar to those of previous cytohistologic studies of ASCUS in HIV-untested populations. There was no significant difference in frequency or severity of CIN in pts with severe immunosuppression (P = 0.4). CONCLUSION: A cytologic diagnosis of ASCUS in HIV-positive women identifies a group at significant risk for histologic abnormalities. The majority of pts will be diagnosed with HPV or low-grade CIN. HIV infection and severe immunosuppression do not appear to increase the frequency or severity of CIN associated with ASCUS. Given the 32% risk of associated CIN, all HIV-positive women with ASCUS cytology should undergo colposcopic evaluation.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Malignant transformation of an ovarian mature cystic teratoma presenting as a rectal mass.

BACKGROUND: Squamous cell carcinoma arising from malignant degeneration of a mature cystic teratoma is rare with a reported incidence of approximately 1-3%. The most common presenting symptoms are lower abdominal pain and increasing abdominal girth of several months' duration. Approximately 50% of the patients present with FIGO stage I while 35-38% present with stage III diseases. CASE: The case described herein represents an unusual presentation and initial diagnostic dilemma of locally aggressive squamous cell carcinoma arising in an ovarian dermoid cyst, with invasion into the distal rectum and anal canal causing rectal bleeding similar to the presentation of anal squamous cell carcinoma. Despite aggressive surgical management with posterior exenteration and optimal tumor debulking followed by 5040-cGy pelvic radiation utilizing 25-MV photons, the patient developed pelvic recurrence at the vaginal cuff 6 weeks after completion of her adjuvant radiotherapy. She subsequently failed cis-platinum single-agent chemotherapy and died 9 months after her initial surgery and diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Squamous cell carcinoma in the anal canal, diagnosed by colonoscopy or proctoscopy, could be an unusual presentation of that arising from malignant degeneration of an ovarian dermoid cyst. This tumor may behave in a locally aggressive manner and be resistant to pelvic radiation or single-agent chemotherapy of cis-platinum. The current experience of adjuvant treatment after comprehensive staging and cytoreductive surgery reported in the world literature is limited, and the optimal management of the malignancy remains unclear.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Effects of gabexate mesilate (FOY) on ischemia-reperfusion-induced acute lung injury in dogs.

BACKGROUND: To assess the effects of gabexate mesilate (FOY), a protease inhibitor, on a canine model of pulmonary ischemia-reperfusion injury. FOY has been applied clinically to treat acute pancreatitis and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and has been found to suppress some leukocyte-mediated tissue injuries in both in vitro and in vivo studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS DESIGN: Comparison of four experimental groups: group 1 (untreated control, n = 8), unilateral (left) pulmonary ischemia due to perfusion and ventilation obstruction followed by reperfusion, without receiving any specific treatment; group 2 (negative control, sham operation, n = 8), left pulmonary hilar dissection without ischemia; group 3 (FOY posttreatment, n = 8), FOY treatment during the reperfusion stage only; and group 4 (FOY pretreatment, n = 8), FOY treatment before ischemia and then continued during reperfusion. SETTING: University animal laboratory. SUBJECTS: Heart-worm-free mongrel dogs (12 to 15 kg body wt) were anesthetized with pentobarbital and mechanically ventilated. INVESTIGATIONS: Lung ischemia was made by snaring the left pulmonary artery and veins and clamping the bronchus with peribronchial tissue for 90 min followed by reperfusion for 18 h. Animals of the two treatment groups received a 1 mg/kg bolus of FOY at the beginning of reperfusion, with infusion of 2 mg/kg/h of FOY continuously starting 30 min before ischemia (group 4) or after reperfusion (group 3). During this study the following were measured: hemodynamics and aerodynamics, blood gas, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid neutrophil percentage and protein concentration, lung wet to dry weight ratio (W/D ratio), myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity of the lung tissue, alveolar neutrophil infiltration, and degree of injury. RESULTS: This model of lung ischemia-reperfusion induced significant pulmonary hypertension, increased pulmonary vascular resistance, decreased pulmonary dynamic compliance and arterial hypoxemia, increased BAL fluid total protein amount and neutrophil percentage, and increased alveolar neutrophil infiltration, histological injury score, and lung tissue MPO assay (group 1). Animals of the sham operation (negative control, group 2) showed only minimal changes in the above parameters. Treatment with FOY significantly attenuated the injury by decreasing the lung W/D ratio, alveolar neutrophil infiltration, histological injury score, lung tissue MPO assay, BAL fluid neutrophil percentage, and protein amount. Pretreatment with FOY (group 4) attenuated the injury to a significantly greater degree than it did when administered at the reperfusion stage only (group 3), which was reflected by the above-mentioned parameters, and as well significantly improved gas exchange function. FOY treatment was found to have little effect in altering hemodynamics and aerodynamics at most time points in this model of lung injury. CONCLUSIONS: FOY can attenuate the ischemia-reperfusion-induced acute lung injury in dogs by ameliorating the degree of alveolar membrane permeability change, neutrophil aggregation, and activation. FOY treatment starting before ischemia attenuated this injury to a significantly higher degree than its use after ischemia. However, the effect of FOY may be partial because it cannot alter the hemodynamics or aerodynamics as prominently as other parameters in this type of lung injury. Concomitant use of FOY with other agents will have additive or synergic effects in preventing lung ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Developmental patterns of GalBeta1,3(4)GlcNAc alpha2,3-sialyltransferase (ST3Gal III) expression in the mouse: in situ hybridization using DIG-labeled RNA probes.

Sialic acids are key determinants for biological processes, such as cell-cell interaction and differentiation. Sialyltransferases contribute to the diversity in carbohydrate structure through their attachment of sialic acid in various terminal positions on glycolipid and glycoprotein (N-linked and O-linked) carbohydrate groups. Galbeta 1,3(4)GlcNAc alpha2,3-sialyltransferase (ST3Gal III) is involved in the biosynthesis of sLe(x)and sLe(a) known as selectin ligands and tumor-associated carbohydrate structures. The appearance and differential distribution of ST3Gal III mRNA during mice embryogenesis [embryonic (E) days; E9, E11, E13, E15] were investigated by in situ hybridization with digoxigenin-labeled RNA probes coupled with alkaline phosphatase detection. On E9, all tissues were positive for ST3Gal III mRNA expression, whereas ST3Gal III mRNA on E11 was not detected throughout all tissues. On E13, ST3Gal III mRNA was expressed in different manner in various tissues. In this stage, ST3Gal III mRNA was positive only in the liver, pancreas and bladder. On E15, specific signal for ST3Gal III was detected in the liver, lung and forebrain. These results indicate that ST3GAI III is differently expressed at developmental stages of mice embryo, and this may be importantly related with regulation of organogenesis in mice.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1999

Significance of P53 and Rb protein expression in surgically treated non-small cell lung cancers.

BACKGROUND: Alterations of the P53 or Rb gene are among the most frequently observed genetic changes in primary lung cancer. Nevertheless, there has been no final conclusion on the relationship between P53 or Rb protein expression and clinico-pathological parameters in primary lung cancer. A large-scale study was performed to examine the clinicopathological and prognostic significance of P53 and Rb expressions in 207 surgically resected non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. METHODS: Tumor specimens were obtained from 207 primary NSCLC surgically resected from January 1990 through December 1994. The avidin-biotin-peroxidase method was used to determine the expression of P53 or Rb of tumor cells using anti-P53 or anti-Rb monoclonal antibodies. The relationships between P53 or Rb protein expression and the clinicopathological parameters were analyzed. RESULTS: Expression of P53 or Rb protein was detected in 115 (55.6%) and 136 (65.7%) of the 207 lung tumors, respectively. P53 had significantly higher positive results in patients with regional lymph node metastasis and advanced tumor stage. Rb expression was significantly lower in lung cancers with a macro- or microscopic picture of tumor necrosis. Additionally, an inverse correlation between the expression of Rb and P53 was found. By multiple variate analysis, P53 expression and pathological stage were independent, significant prognostic factors. Further analysis demonstrated P53 expression was an independent prognostic factor in stage 1, but not in other stages. CONCLUSIONS: P53 expression is especially useful as a prognostic factor in stage 1 lung cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Testosterone sulfotransferase: evidence in the guinea pig that this reaction is carried out by 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase.

During the course of isolating, characterizing, and cloning estrogen and 3-hydroxysteroid sulfotransferases from the guinea pig adrenal gland, it was noted that cytosolic preparations from this tissue would also sulfonate testosterone. Therefore, we set out to isolate and clone the enzyme that performs this reaction. Testosterone sulfotransferase (TST) was isolated from the guinea pig adrenal by using the standard procedures of ion exchange, affinity, and high-performance liquid chromatography. When purified, TST was examined by liquid-phase nondenaturing isoelectric focusing, it was found that the TST activity profile completely overlapped with the activity profile of the 3alpha-hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase (3alphaHST) isoform, but not the 3beta-hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase (3betaHST) isoform. This finding was further investigated by overexpressing the cDNAs for 3alphaHST and 3betaHST in Escherichia coli and examining the expressed proteins for TST activity. This experiment confirmed that 3alphaHST does indeed function as a TST. In addition, 3alphaHST was also found to sulfonate estradiol but not estrone, a finding that further suggested that 3alphaHST may function as a general 17beta-hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase.

Adrenal Glands↗