Biomedical subjects

Xin Zhou

Publications and source records attributed to Xin Zhou.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources

PubMed2005

[The apolipoprotein E-CI-CII gene cluster polymorphisms and coronary artery disease].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate associations between the apolipoprotein E-CI-CII gene cluster polymorphisms and coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS: apoE genotypes were identified by multiplex amplification refractory mutation system (multi-ARMS) and the polymorphisms of both apoCI and apoCII genes were detected by using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) in 203 cases of CAD and 365 controls. Pairwise linkage disequilibrium coefficients (D, D') were estimated by the LINKAGE program. RESULTS: The frequencies of apoE E3/4 genotype (0.259) and epsilon4 (0.139) in CAD group were significantly higher than that in control group (0.125, 0.069), (P<0.05). The significant difference was also found for the apoCI locus, the frequencies of H2 allele were 0. 205 in the CAD and 0.113 in the control. Linkage disequilibrium coefficient D' was 0.672 (P<0.01) between apoE and apoCI genes. Significant differences for a deficit of epsilon3-H1-T1 and excess of epsilon4-H2-T1 were found in the CAD by estimation of the haplotype frequencies. After adjustment for possible confounding factors, the multivariate Logistic analysis showed a significant interaction among epsilon4, H2 and smoking, OR value was 18.3 (95%CI:2.35-150.81, P<0.05), attributable proportions of interaction (API) was 57.3%, it was a multiplicative model. An additive model was shown among epsilon4, H2 and bibulosity; the odds ratio (OR) (95%CI) and API of their interaction were 12.7(2.8-58.6, P<0.05) and 43.5%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The results suggested that both apoE and apoCI on chromosome 19 were the susceptibility loci for CAD, their linkage disequilibrium should be responsible for the development of CAD. Smoking and bibulosity can significantly increase the risk of CAD.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

[A family history of congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscle with autosomal dominant inheritance].

To discover novel disease genes, a family with congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscle was studied by a follow-up investigation, eye examinations and histo-pathological examination. There were fifteen cases suffering from congenital general fibrosis syndrome in four generations. They have congenital blepharoptosis, head tilt, chin lift, primary gaze fixed in a hypo- and exotropic position. The diagnosis is confirmed with positive forced duction testing in the affected eye. Furthermore, fibrosis of the extraocular muscles and hyaline degeneration was confirmed by histo-pathological examination. Except for different levels of restriction of the eyeball movements, other eye symptoms in positive patients are substantially identical. The genetic analysis showed that this disease was caused by autosomal dominant inheritance. The pedigree may be precious resource candidate for discovering disease gene related with congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscle.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

[Evaluation of the clinical efficacy and the safety of salmeterol/fluticasone propionate accuhaler compared to budesonide turbuhalar in the control of adult asthma].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and the safety of low dose salmeterol/fluticasone (SM/FP) combination therapy as compared to morate dose of budesonide (BUD) in the management of adult asthma. METHODS: A multicentre, randomised, open-label, parallel-group, 6-week treatment study was conducted. 398 patients (18 - 70 years) were given SM/FP (50/100 microg) twice daily via Accuhaler or BUD 400 microg twice daily via Turbuhaler. RESULTS: The morning and the evening peak expiratory flow (PEF) measurements both increased significantly (P < 0.01) in the SM/FP group, and the increase was greater than that in the BUD group. The significant benefit of SM/FP was evident from the first week. SM/FP led to a more significant reduction in the use of rescue medication and in the day- and night-time asthma symptom scores, as compared to budesonide. Both treatments were well tolerated, and the adverse reactions showed no significant difference between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Combination use of low doses of SM/FP is a better choice for the control of asthma. The addition of a low-dose long-acting beta(2) agonist is superior to the simple increase of the dosage of inhaled corticosteroids.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

[Apolipoproptein E-CI-CII gene cluster and its effect on serum lipid levels].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the allele frequencies of the apolipoprotein (apo)E-CI-CII cluster gene in Hans of Chinese, and its relation to serum lipid levels. METHODS: The study subjects consisted of healthy individuals (male: 196, female: 154; average age: 63.6 +/- 12.0 years) who were randomly selected from health screening. ApoE genotypes were identified by multi-AMRS PCR and both the ApoCI promoter polymorphisms and AvaII polymorphisms of the apoCII gene were detected by using PCR-RFLP. The serum lipid levels were determined using an automatic chemistry analyzer. RESULTS: For ApoE gene, the frequency of E3/3 was 73.4%, it represents the most common genotype from of the polymorphism. The frequencies of E2/2, E2/4 and E4/4 genotypes were all smaller than 1%. For the ApoCI locus, the frequencies of H1/ 1, H2/2 genotypes were 79.7% and 1.7%, respectively. Both the ApoE and ApoCI polymorphisms showed the lack of association with plasma levels in this population. The linkage disequilibrium between ApoE with ApoCI wasn't found, either. The allele frequencies of ApoCII gene were T1 : 70.7% and T2 : 29.3%, respectively. The TG level in subjects carrying with T1/2 (1.49 +/- 0.96 mmol/l) was significant higher than that in subjects with T1/1 (1.29 +/- 0.72 mmol/l), P < 0.05. No significant differences were found between male and female in genotype distribution and allele frequencies of the ApoE-CI-CII gene cluster. CONCLUSION: This result suggested that it might be one of the factors in explaining the lower prevalence rate of atherosclerosis in the China population.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

[Study on fingerprint chromatograms of water-soluble constituents of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. by high performance liquid chromatography].

The fingerprint chromatograms were established for the quality evaluation of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. by high performance liquid chromatography. The analysis was performed on a Zorbax SB-C18 column (5 microm, 4.6 mm i.d. x 250 mm) with acetonitrile-water (containing 0.4% (v/v) acetic acid ) (the volume fraction of acetonitrile from 0 to 40% within 70 min) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, and at a column temperature of 25 degrees C. The detection wavelength was 254 nm. The relative standard deviations of relative retention values and relative peak areas were less than 3%. The mutual fingerprint of the extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. collected from Danshen Base in Tongren City of Guizhou Province was established by using the similarity calculation software of Chinese herbal fingerprint. The method is reliable and can be helpful in effectively controlling the quality of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗

PubMed2005

[Comparative study on the influence of arginine hydrochloride and arginine acetate on the immune function and acid-base balance in rabbits with severe burns].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of arginine hydrochloride and arginine acetate on the immune function and acid-base balance in rabbits with severe burns. METHODS: One hundred and ten flap-eared rabbits were used in the study, in which 8 served as normal control, while the rest were inflicted with 30% TBSA full thickness burn. All the rabbits were divided into 10 groups, i.e. normal control (C, n = 14), burn control (B, n = 14, with intravenous infusion of Ringer's solution), 0.3 g/kg arginine hydrochloride (AH, n = 12), 0.3 g/kg arginine acetate (AA, n = 10), 0.6 g/kg AH (n = 10), and 0.6g/kg AA (n = 10) groups, 1.2 g/kg AH (n = 10), 1.2 g/kg AA (n = 10), 2.4 g/kg AA (n = 14) and 2.4 g/kg AH (n = 12) groups. AA and AH in different doses were fed to rabbits in corresponding groups 2 times a day for 7 days. The changes in the immune function, acid-base balance, chloride ion metabolism, and mortality were determined. RESULTS: Disorder in immune system was found after severe burns, with enhanced immune function at the beginning and weakening afterwards. The lymphocytic transformation rate, the CD4/CD8 ratio, the phagocytosis rate and the chemotactic index of white blood cells on 7 post burn day (PBD) were obviously lower in B group compared with C group (P < 0.05 or 0.01). These indices were obviously higher in 1.2, 2.4 g/kg AA and AH groups than those in B group on 7 PBD (P < 0.05 or 0.01). There was no difference in improvement of immune functions between 0.3, 0.6g/kg AH, AA group and B group. The values of blood pH, base excess (BE), buffer base (BB), HCO(3)(-) level in AH group were significantly lower than those in C group on 7 PBD (P < 0.05 or 0.01), while there were no obvious changes in AA group, they were obviously higher than those in AH group (P < 0.05 or 0.01). The contents of chloride ion in but 2.4 g/kg AH group during 5 to 7 PBD were obviously higher than those in C group and 2.4 g/kg AA group (P < 0.05 or 0.01), while no difference was found between 2.4 g/kg AA and C groups. The mortality in B group was obviously higher than that in 0.3, 0.6, 1.2 g/kg AH and AA groups (P < 0.05 or 0.01), but significantly lower than that in 2.4 g/kg AA and AH groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Disorders in immune functions were observed in severely burned rabbits. Administration of arginine acetate as well as arginine hydrochloride could enhance the immune function, but arginine acetate seemed to be safer than arginine hydrochloride. Excessive dosage should be avoided to prevent a rise of the mortality.

Acetates↗

PubMed2005

[Association of mitochondrial DNA variation with type 2 diabetes mellitus].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the prevalence of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Hubei. METHODS: A total of 184 cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus and 210 matched healthy controls with normal glucose tolerance were recruited for the study. The variants of mtDNA, including MIND13316 (G-->A), MIND13394 (T-->C), MTTE14693 (A-->G), MTTL1 3243 (A-->G), MTRNA1310 (C-->T) and 16189 (T-->C), were screened using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis and DNA sequencing. The mutations were analyzed by mfold or tRNAscan-SE softwares. RESULTS: The mutation rates of 3316 (G-->A), 3394 (T-->C), 14693 (A-->G) were 3.26%, 2.72% and 2.17% respectively in type 2 diabetes group, whereas in the control group, the point mutations of 3394 (T-->C) and 14693 (A-->G) were not detected, but two subjects with 3316 (G-->A) were found (0.99%). There were significant differences in mutation rates of 3394 (T-->C) and 14693 (A-->G) between the two groups (P<0.05). In 4 of 184 cases, a T to C transition at nucleotide position 14693 was uncovered for the first time. The prevalence of 16189 variant among type 2 diabetes was significantly higher that of the controls (36.9% vs 26.6%, P=0.03). Moreover, the type 2 diabetes with 16189 variant showed higher fasting serum insulin level and higher HOMA-IR level than those without 16189 variant; stepwise multiple regression analysis showed the 16189 variant was an independent factor contributing to HOMA-IR (R(2)=0.043, P=0.037). Secondary structure prediction revealed that there were differences in 3394 T-->C vs wild-type ND1 protein and in 14693 A-->G vs wild-type tRNA(Glu) protein. CONCLUSION: The mutations of 3394 (T-->C) and 14693 (A-->G) may contribute to the genetic predisposition to type 2 diabetes; 16189 (T-->C) variant is associated with insulin resistance and risk factor of diabetes.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

[The role of different subtypes of G protein in the secretory function of macrophages stimulated by activated complement following severe burn injury].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of activated complement on the secretory function of peritoneal macrophage (PMphi) in the production of nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), especially in the role of different G-protein subtypes in this process after burns. METHODS: The mice inflicted by 18% TBSA full-thickness scald was established and employed as the model. And the mice were divided into A (the complements were preserved and activated) and B (with intraperitoneal injection of CVF to deplete complement before scald) groups. The plasma of the mice in the two groups was collected at 6 postburn hour (PBH) and cultured with PMphi from normal mice. The PMphi were pretreated with pertussis toxin (PT) and with cholera toxin (CT). The NO and TNF-alpha levels in the supernatant of normal PMphi culture with different pretreatment were measured by Greiss assay. RESULTS: The NO and TNF-alpha contents in group A [(80 +/- 12) micromol/L, (46 +/- 6)%] were obviously higher than those in group B [(34 +/- 5) micromol/L, (26 +/- 5)%, P < 0.01]. The NO content produced by PMphi (45 +/- 10 micromol/L) in A group decreased (P < 0.01), while the TNF-alpha activity (58 +/- 10)% increased by PT pretreatment (P < 0.05). On the contrary, the NO content produced by PMphi (105 +/- 18 micromol/L) in group A increased (P < 0.01), while the TNF-alpha activity (27 +/- 6)% decreased by CT pretreatment (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: These results indicates that the secretory function of normal PMphi can be enhanced by complement activation after thermal injury, which might partly be due to the effect of activated complement components through complement receptor coupled G-protein. In the secretory function of complement stimulated Mphi, Gi protein has a major role in the production of NO, Gs protein is mainly involved in the secretion of TNF-alpha.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

[Quantitative determination of ginkgolides by liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry].

OBJECTIVE: This paper reports a method based on liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray mass spectrometry for the analysis of terpenoids in ginkgo laminae. METHOD: The analysis was performed on ZORBAX RX-C18 (2.1 mm x 150 mm) column with methanol-water(with gradient) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.25 mL x min(-1), and column temperature of 25 degrees C. Analyses were carried out in the selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. RESULT: Ginkgolides (GA, GB and GC) and bilobalide were quantitatively detected by external standardization with linear in the range of 4.04-1.012 x 10(2) ng, with coefficient and relative standard deviations being 0.993 7-0.999 8 and 2.50%-4.73%. LC-ESI-MS shows a greatly increased sensitivity compared with other methods. The detection limit of this method by SIM was 1.47 x 10(-3)-0.320 microg x mL(-1). CONCLUSION: This method is specific, reproducible, rapidly and permits quantitative analyses of ginkgolides and bilobalide in different samples with simple pre-purification steps.

Chromatography, Liquid↗

PubMed2004

LS Bound based gene selection for DNA microarray data.

MOTIVATION: One problem with discriminant analysis of DNA microarray data is that each sample is represented by quite a large number of genes, and many of them are irrelevant, insignificant or redundant to the discriminant problem at hand. Methods for selecting important genes are, therefore, of much significance in microarray data analysis. In the present study, a new criterion, called LS Bound measure, is proposed to address the gene selection problem. The LS Bound measure is derived from leave-one-out procedure of LS-SVMs (least squares support vector machines), and as the upper bound for leave-one-out classification results it reflects to some extent the generalization performance of gene subsets. RESULTS: We applied this LS Bound measure for gene selection on two benchmark microarray datasets: colon cancer and leukemia. We also compared the LS Bound measure with other evaluation criteria, including the well-known Fisher's ratio and Mahalanobis class separability measure, and other published gene selection algorithms, including Weighting factor and SVM Recursive Feature Elimination. The strength of the LS Bound measure is that it provides gene subsets leading to more accurate classification results than the filter method while its computational complexity is at the level of the filter method. AVAILABILITY: A companion website can be accessed at http://www.ntu.edu.sg/home5/pg02776030/lsbound/. The website contains: (1) the source code of the gene selection algorithm; (2) the complete set of tables and figures regarding the experimental study; (3) proof of the inequality (9). CONTACT: ekzmao@ntu.edu.sg.

Biomarkers, Tumor↗

PubMed2004

Cell-specific delivery of a chemotherapeutic to lung cancer cells.

We report that lung cancer-targeting peptides isolated from a peptide library can be used to deliver an active chemotherapeutic in a cell-specific fashion. The peptides were removed from the context of the phage and placed on a pegylated tetrameric scaffold. The tetrameric peptides were shown to block uptake of their cognate phage. The tetrameric peptides were coupled to doxorubicin, and their cytotoxicity against a panel of different cell lines was tested. Our data demonstrate that these targeting peptides can deliver an active anticancer agent in a cell-specific fashion, resulting in an increase of the therapeutic index of the targeted drug compared to systemic delivery. The efficacy of the peptide conjugate correlates to the affinity of the targeting peptide for a particular cell line. As such, we have demonstrated that cell-specific targeted drugs can be synthesized, even when the cell surface target is unknown.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2004

A 12-month clinical survey of incidence and outcome of acute respiratory distress syndrome in Shanghai intensive care units.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate incidence, causes, and outcome of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in adult patients admitted to intensive care units (ICU) in Shanghai. DESIGN: A prospective 12-month survey during 2001-2002 of the predispositions, clinical management strategies, complications, and 90-day survival rates of patients with ARDS. PATIENTS AND SETTING: Fifteen ICU in 12 university hospitals in Shanghai. All ICU admissions >/=15 years of age in the 12-month period were assessed. Patients fulfilling diagnostic criteria of ARDS, as defined by the American-European Consensus Conference, and having a continuous treatment period >/=24 h, were recruited. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Of 5320 adult patients admitted to ICUs, there were 108 (2%) with ARDS. At inclusion, ARDS patients had a mean PaO(2)/FiO(2) value of 111.3+/-40.3 mmHg and a mean acute physiology and chronic health evaluation score (APACHE II) of 17.3+/-8.0; 33 patients had a lung injury score >2.5. Forty-one and 67 patients had ARDS associated with diseases of pulmonary and extrapulmonary origin, respectively. The most common predisposing factors for ARDS were pneumonia (34.3%) and nonpulmonary sepsis (30.6%). The overall ICU mortality was 10.3%. In-hospital and 90-day mortalities of ARDS patients were 68.5 and 70.4%, respectively, and accounted for 13.5% of the overall ICU mortality. For ARDS patients, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome was a major risk factor associated with death (59.5%). CONCLUSION: The high morbidity and mortality of ARDS in the ICUs in Shanghai require reassessment of respiratory and intensive care management and implementation of effective therapeutic interventions.

APACHE↗

PubMed2004

An insight into a novel class of self-assembled porphyrins: geometric structure, electronic structure, one- and two-photon absorption properties.

We have theoretically investigated a series of butadiyne-linked porphyrin derivatives that exhibit large two-photon absorption (TPA) cross sections in the visible-IR range. The electronic structure, one-photon absorption (OPA), and TPA properties have been studied in detail. We found that the introduction of a butadiyne linkage and the increase of the molecular dimensionality from monomer to dimer determine the OPA intensities of Q band and Soret band, respectively. A most important role for the enhancement of the TPA cross section is played by introducing a butadiyne bridge. The complementary coordination and the combination of the terminal free base and the core zinc porphyrin are also two effective factors for the enhancement of the TPA efficiency. The dimer with two porphyrins linked at meso-positions by a butadiyne linkage results in a maximum TPA cross section (79.35 x 10(-48) cm4 s per photon). Our theoretical findings are consistent with the recent experimental observations. This series of porphyrin derivatives as promising TPA materials are the subject of further investigation.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2004

One- and two-photon absorption of three-coordinate compounds with different centers (B,Al,N) and a 2,2'-dipyridylnitrogen functional group.

A series of three-coordinate octupolar compounds with varied centers (boron, aluminum, and nitrogen), which exhibit very large effective two-photon absorption cross sections have been theoretically studied. The ground state geometries and electronic structures are obtained using the density functional theory with the B3LYP functional and 6-31G(d) basis set, and the results are comparable to the available experimental determinations. Based on the correct geometrical and electronic structures, the one- and two-photon absorptions are predicted by the ZINDO-SOS method. Among these compounds, the boron (B) and aluminum (Al) centers act as acceptors, while the nitrogen center acts as donor according to the net charge changes during the excitation. It is found that (i) the compounds with boron and aluminum centers show two large two-photon absorption peaks, while the molecule with nitrogen center show only one two-photon absorption peak; (ii) the cross sections of the molecules with B or Al as centers are larger than that of the molecule with nitrogen as center; furthermore, the two-photon absorption cross section of the molecule with Al center is larger than that of the molecule with B center, from this point of view, our theoretical prediction provides for the experiment a good new candidate with large two-photon absorption cross section for further research; (iii) lengthening the conjugation bridge by inserting a benzene ring on the organoborane compounds (forming the investigated molecule B-2) enhances the two-photon absorption cross section, and keeping good transparency at the same time.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2004

Expression of survivin in primary and metastatic gastric cancer cells obtained by laser capture microdissection.

AIM: Survivin, a recently identified member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein family, is expressed during development and in various human cancers. However, its expression in normal tissues and clinical relevance in cancers are still debated. In the present study, we analyzed the expression of the survivin gene in human primary and metastatic gastric cancer cells as well as in paired epithelial cells from normal gastric mucosa by means of a novel laser capture microdissection (LCM) technique coupled with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). METHODS: Thirty patients who had undergone gastrectomy with lymph node dissection for gastric cancer without preoperative treatments were included. Neoplastic tissue, metastatic lymph nodes, and apparently uninvolved normal tissue were collected from each patient. LCM-captured "pure" cell groups were respectively subjected to RT-PCR analysis with primers specific for the survivin gene. RESULTS: Of the paired samples from 30 gastric cancer patients studied, 24 (80%) primary gastric cancer cell groups and 7 (23%) adjacent morphologically "normal" gastric epithelial cell groups were shown to have a detectable survivin expression. There was a statistically significant difference in suvivin expression between these two groups (P<0.01). Meanwhile, 95% (19/20) of the metastatic gastric cancer cell groups from lymph nodes had a clear expression of te survivin gene. However, no significant correlation between survivin expression and clinicopathological features of gastric cancer was observed in the present study. CONCLUSION: Survivin expression is present in the majority of gastric cancer cell groups obtained by LCM techniques. The high expression rate in metastatic lesions suggests a possible role of survivin in cancer invasiveness and metastasis. It may contribute to the detection of gastric cancer micrometastasis as a potential molecular marker. In addition, the high expression percentage renders survivin a potential target in the therapy for gastric cancer.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Equilibrium and kinetics: water confined in carbon nanotubes as one-dimensional lattice gas.

We present a simple one-dimensional lattice gas model, which describes very well the equilibrium and kinetic behaviors of water confined in a thin carbon nanotube found in an atomistic molecular dynamics simulation [G. Hummer, J. C. Rasaiah, and J. P. Noworyta, Nature (London), 414, 188 (2001)]. The model parameters correspond to various physical interactions and can be calculated or estimated by using statistical mechanics. Then, the roles of all interactions in the water filling, emptying, and transporting processes are clearly understood. Our results indicate that the interaction from the water molecules outside the nanotube plays a key role in these processes and the interaction can be simply treated as an average effect of the bulk water.

Gases↗

PubMed2004

Inducible-costimulator-mediated suppression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in CD4(+) T lymphocytes.

We investigated the effects of signaling through CD28 family molecules on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication in vitro. A monoclonal antibody (mAb) specific for inducible costimulator (ICOS) suppressed both X4 and R5 HIV-1 replication in CD4(+) peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). This suppression was not attributable to reduced cell growth or viability. CD28 mAb showed variable effects and also suppressed HIV-1 replication when immobilized. Replication of pseudotype viruses with HIV-1-but not with vesicular stomatitis virus G-envelope was efficiently suppressed in CD4(+) PBMC treated with ICOS or CD28 mAbs. However, CD4, CXCR4, and CCR5 expression on the surface was not down-regulated. Moreover, HIV-1 replication in CD4(+) PBMC was suppressed by a soluble form of human B7-H2, a ligand of ICOS, but was enhanced by soluble B7-1, a ligand for CD28. These findings suggest that natural or artificial ligands for ICOS potentially suppress HIV-1 replication mainly at the entry stages.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Pd-catalyzed reactions of o-diiodoarenes with alkynes for aromatic ring extension.

[reaction: see text] A new and efficient palladium-catalyzed reaction of o-diiodoarenes with internal alkynes produces naphthalenes or anthracenes in good to excellent yields. This procedure provides a simple, catalytic, and straightforward ring-extension method for constructing substituted polycyclic aromatic compounds.

Journal Article↗