Biomedical subjects

X Gu

Publications and source records attributed to X Gu.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources

PubMed2000

Fractalkine is an epithelial and endothelial cell-derived chemoattractant for intraepithelial lymphocytes in the small intestinal mucosa.

Fractalkine is a unique chemokine that combines properties of both chemoattractants and adhesion molecules. Fractalkine mRNA expression has been observed in the intestine. However, the role of fractalkine in the healthy intestine and during inflammatory mucosal responses is not known. Studies were undertaken to determine the expression and function of fractalkine and the fractalkine receptor CX3CR1 in the human small intestinal mucosa. We identified intestinal epithelial cells as a novel source of fractalkine. The basal expression of fractalkine mRNA and protein in the intestinal epithelial cell line T-84 was under the control of the inflammatory mediator IL-1beta. Fractalkine was shed from intestinal epithelial cell surface upon stimulation with IL-1beta. Fractalkine localized with caveolin-1 in detergent-insoluble glycolipid-enriched membrane microdomains in T-84 cells. Cellular distribution of fractalkine was regulated during polarization of T-84 cells. A subpopulation of isolated human intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes expressed the fractalkine receptor CX3CR1 and migrated specifically along fractalkine gradients after activation with IL-2. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated fractalkine expression in intestinal epithelial cells and endothelial cells in normal small intestine and in active Crohn's disease mucosa. Furthermore, fractalkine mRNA expression was significantly up-regulated in the intestine during active Crohn's disease. This study demonstrates that fractalkine-CX3CR1-mediated mechanism may direct lymphocyte chemoattraction and adhesion within the healthy and diseased human small intestinal mucosa.

CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1↗

PubMed2000

Determination of a novel thrombin inhibitor in human plasma and urine utilizing liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric and ultraviolet detection.

An LC-MS-MS method and an HPLC-UV method have been developed for the assay of a novel thrombin inhibitor in human fluids. The LC-MS-MS method is developed for plasma, which usually requires maximum sensitivity. The HPLC-UV method is for urine. In both methods, analytes are extracted using liquid-liquid extraction, and analyzed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. A tandem mass spectrometer in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode is used for detection of the analytes in the plasma method. UV is the detector for the urine method. The plasma method has a lower limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 0.1 ng/ml with a linearity range of 0.1-100 ng/ml. The urine method has an LOQ of 8.12 ng/ml (20 nM) and the linear dynamic range is 8.12-8120 ng/ml (20-20000 nM). Both methods are fast, specific and sensitive. Various validation procedures have proven that both methods are rugged, robust and reproducible. The research also suggested that, while LC-MS-MS provides superior sensitivity and selectivity for the determination of drugs and their metabolites at very low concentrations, HPLC with a conventional detector such as UV is still useful in the analysis when the sensitivity requirement is not crucial.

Chromatography, Liquid↗

PubMed2000

ESE-3, a novel member of an epithelium-specific ets transcription factor subfamily, demonstrates different target gene specificity from ESE-1.

Most cancers originate as a result of aberrant gene expression in mainly glandular epithelial tissues leading to defects in epithelial cell differentiation. The latter is governed by distinct sets of transcriptional regulators. Here we report the characterization of epithelium-specific Ets factor, family member 3 (ESE-3), a novel member of the ESE subfamily of Ets transcription factors. ESE-3 shows highest homology to two other epithelium restricted Ets factors, ESE-1 and ESE-2. ESE-3, like ESE-1 and ESE-2, is exclusively expressed in a subset of epithelial cells with highest expression in glandular epithelium such as prostate, pancreas, salivary gland, and trachea. A potential role in branching morphogenesis is suggested, since ESE-3 transactivates the c-MET promoter via three high affinity binding sites. Additionally, ESE-3 binding to DNA sequences in the promoters of several glandular epithelium-specific genes suggests a role for ESE-3 in later stages of glandular epithelium differentiation. Although ESE-3 and ESE-1 bind with similar affinity to various Ets binding sites, ESE-3 and ESE-1 differ significantly in their ability to transactivate the promoters containing these sites. Our results support the notion that ESE-1, ESE-2, and ESE-3 represent a unique epithelium-specific subfamily of Ets factors that have critical but distinct functions in epithelial cell differentiation and proliferation.

Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport↗

PubMed2000

Least squares estimation of variance components for linkage.

We develop least squares (LS) procedures for variance components estimation in genetic linkage studies. The LS procedure is expressed by simple expressions, and does not require inversion of large matrices. Simulations comparing LS with maximum likelihood (ML) procedures for normal data show that both yield unbiased estimators, but the efficiency of the LS procedure was less than 50% of the ML procedure. For bivariate normal data, the efficiency of the LS procedure relative to the ML method was better, generally over 60%. For skewed data, the LS method was markedly more efficient than ML for parameter estimation. The LS method was computationally rapid, over 4,000 times faster than ML estimation for bivariate data. Because ML estimation is time consuming, LS methods are suggested for initial interval mapping with multivariate data.

Computer Simulation↗

PubMed2000

Transcatheter closure of membranous ventricular septal defects with a new nitinol prosthesis in a natural swine model.

Transcatheter closure of a membranous ventricular septal defect (MVSD) is much more difficult than closure of other intracardiac defects because of the proximity to the aortic and tricuspid valves and their relatively large size in small children. In this report, transcatheter closure of naturally occurring membranous VSDs was attempted in 12 Yucatan minipigs. The prosthesis is constructed from fine Nitinol wires in the shape of two buttons and a connecting waist filled with polyester fiber. Two kinds of prosthesis were used in this study: concentric and eccentric left-sided retention disks. A 6 or 7 Fr delivery sheath was advanced across the membranous VSD over a wire from femoral vein. The prosthesis was inserted through the sheath by pushing the delivery cable to deploy a button into left ventricle and the second button was then deployed into right ventricle by withdrawing the sheath. Successful implantation of the device was achieved in all animals except one. Complete closure rate was 58.3% immediately after placement, 100% at 1 week, 90.9% at 1 month and 3 months, and 100% at 6 months. An associated aneurysm of the membranous septum increased significantly in size in two of three animals using the concentric device, and in none of the animals using the eccentric device. A trace to mild aortic regurgitation was present in two of the three animals using the concentric device, and only in one of the eight animals using the eccentric device. Five animals developed a trace to mild tricuspid regurgitation. Pathologic examination showed all devices to be covered by smooth neoendothelium at 3 months. This report presents the first experimental study where closure of membranous ventricular septal defects in a swine model was attempted by specially constructed devices. Procedural success and occlusion rates are very encouraging but overall results cannot equal surgery. Further experimentation is needed with devices that are redesigned according to the experience gained from this study.

Alloys↗

PubMed2000

Specific frequencies of spontaneous Ca2+ transients upregulate GAD 67 transcripts in embryonic spinal neurons.

Spontaneous Ca2+ transients expressed prior to synaptogenesis regulate the developmental appearance of GABA in cultured Xenopus spinal neurons. We find that glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) immunoreactivity is also Ca(2+)-dependent and parallels the appearance of GABA. We show that xGAD 67 transcripts first appear in the embryonic spinal cord during the period in which these Ca2+ spikes are generated, in a pattern that is temporally and spatially appropriate to account for differentiation of GABAergic interneurons. RNase protection and competitive quantitative RT-PCR demonstrate that transcript levels are approximately threefold greater when neurons are cultured in the presence of extracellular Ca2+ that permits generation of transients than when cultured in its absence. The frequency of spontaneous Ca2+ spikes plays a crucial role in the regulation of transcripts, since reimposition of Ca2+ transients at the frequency generated in cultured neurons rescues normal expression. We conclude that naturally occurring low frequencies of these Ca2+ transients regulate levels of xGAD 67 mRNA in differentiating neurons.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2000

Evolutionary patterns of gene families generated in the early stage of vertebrates.

In this paper we have analyzed 49 vertebrate gene families that were generated in the early stage of vertebrates and/or shortly before the origin of vertebrates, each of which consists of three or four member genes. We have dated the first (T(1)) and second (T(2)) gene duplications of 26 gene families with 3 member genes. The means of T(1) (594 mya) and T(2) (488 mya) are largely consistent to a well-cited version of two-round (2R) genome duplication theory. Moreover, in most cases, the time interval between two successive gene duplications is large enough that the fate of duplicate genes generated by the first gene duplication was likely to be determined before the second one took place. However, the phylogenetic pattern of 23 gene families with 4 members is complicated; only 5 of them are predicted by 2R model, but 11 families require an additional gene (or genome) duplication. For the rest (7 families), at least one gene duplication event had occurred before the divergence between vertebrate and Drosophila, indicating a possible misleading of the 4:1 rule (member gene ratio between vertebrates and invertebrates). Our results show that Ohno's 2R conjecture is valid as a working hypothesis for providing a most parsimonious explanation. Although for some gene families, additional gene duplication is needed, the credibility of the third genome duplication (3R) remains to be investigated.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Development of a cancer vaccine: peptides, proteins, and DNA.

Genetic changes leading to protooncogene activation qualitatively and/or quantitatively alter their gene products and are exclusively or largely restricted to transforming cells and their precursors. The overexpression of HER2 is among those changes and is often detected in adenocarcinomas such as breast, ovarian, lung, and gastric cancer. This provides a rationale for exploring the possibility that HER2 is a target of host immune responses against cancer cells. We have recently demonstrated that HER2 can be a target for tumor-rejecting immune responses against syngeneic murine HER2+ tumor cells. We defined two different peptides, HER2p63-71 and HER2p780-788, with a Kd anchor motif that can induce CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). The growth of HER2+ syngeneic tumors was suppressed in mice immunized with HER2p63-71 or p780-788. Since murine Kd and human HLA-A24 share a similar anchor motif for peptides, HER2p63 71 and HER2p780-788 were examined for induction of CTLs in HLA-A24+ individuals. CD8+ CTL clones specific for these peptides were established and they lysed HER2+ tumor cells in a human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A24-restricted manner. To elicit specific CD8+ T cell immune responses against cancer, the development of efficient devices to deliver tumor antigen peptides to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I pathway constitutes a central issue. We have developed a novel formula of hydrophobized polysaccharide nanoparticles which can deliver a HER2 oncoprotein containing an epitope peptide to the MHC class I pathway. We designed a simple protein delivery system: cholesteryl group-bearing polysaccharides, mannan or pullulan (CHM or CHP, respectively), complexed with the truncated HER2 protein containing the 147 N-terminal amino acids. These complexes were able to induce CD8+ CTLs against HER2+ tumors. CTLs were MHC class I restricted and specifically recognized HER2p63-71, a part of a truncated HER2 protein used as an immunogen. The complete rejection of tumors also occurred when CHM-HER2 was applied early after tumor implantation. In the effector phase of in vivo tumor rejection, CD8+ T cells played a major role. The results suggest that this unique hydrophobized polysaccharide may help soluble proteins to induce cellular immunity. Such a novel vaccine may be of potential benefit in cancer prevention and cancer therapy.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Claudins regulate the intestinal barrier in response to immune mediators.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: To determine the functional role of immune mediators in the formation of the intestinal barrier, we have examined the regulation of claudin expression by interleukin (IL)-17 in human intestinal epithelial cells. METHODS: Expression of claudins, extracellular signal-related (ERK) mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and activated ERK MAPKs was determined by immunoblotting. Claudin membrane association was assessed by immunohistochemistry and claudin messenger RNA expression by Northern blot analysis. Intestinal epithelial barrier function was characterized through transepithelial electrical resistance and mannitol tracer flux. RESULTS: IL-17 induced the development of a paracellular barrier of T84 cell monolayers. Inhibition of ERK activation with the MEK inhibitor PD98059 blocked IL-17 as well as basal development of tight junctions in T84 cells. IL-17 induced formation of tight junctions correlated with up-regulation of claudin-1 and claudin-2 gene transcription. Inhibition of MEK reduced the activated and basal expression of claudin-2 messenger RNA and protein expression. Functional MEK was required for the expression and membrane association of claudin-2 but not claudin-1 in T84 cells. CONCLUSIONS: MEK activity is required for claudin-mediated formation of tight junctions. IL-17 is able to regulate the intestinal barrier through the ERK MAPK pathway.

Blotting, Northern↗

PubMed2000

Effect of nitrite on endothelial function in isolated lung.

Nitrated tyrosine, implicated in protein dysfunction, is increased in various tissues in association with diverse pathological processes. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is a luminal vascular endothelial enzyme whose dysfunction is an early sign of endothelial injury. ACE contains a tyrosine critical for its enzymatic activity. Others have shown that nitrite exacerbates the ACE dysfunction of cultured endothelial cells in contact with activated polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN). We hypothesized that exogenous nitrite would enhance endothelial ACE dysfunction associated with PMN activation in the isolated lung. Rats received lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 2 h prior to isolated lung perfusion with Ficoll containing buffer. Either formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP, 10(-7) M) or phorbol myristate acetate (PMA, 10(-7) M) was used to activate PMN in lungs treated or not treated with 300-microM nitrite. A first pass indicator dilution method and first order reaction kinetics were used to determine ACE activity, while lung Ficoll content served as an index of vascular permeability. Both fMLP and PMA decreased endothelial ACE activity and increased pulmonary artery pressure, edema and vascular permeability. Exogenous nitrate did not potentiate the decrease in ACE activity, the lung injury or nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity of lung homogenates. In contrast to observations in cultured endothelial cells, our findings in the whole lung are compatible with the speculation of others that the rat lung has an unidentified factor, which minimizes accumulation of nitrated proteins.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Experimental oral carcinoma of the tongue and buccal mucosa: possible biologic markers linked to cancers at two anatomic sites.

The application of the carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) can initiate and promote the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue and buccal mucosa. In this study the level of expression of various markers related to the development of programmed cell death (PCD) in the respective oral carcinomas was analyzed. Sixteen male and female Syrian hamsters (Mesocrietus auratus) were treated with 0.05% DMBA for 16 weeks. Immunohistochemistry was used to observe the expression of p53, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Bcl-2, and nucleosome formation. Single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) for exons 2-9 and sequence analysis of exon 9 of the p53 gene from normal buccal or tongue mucosa as well as the squamous cell carcinomas from the buccal mucosa or the tongue were determined. p53 (wild type) expression was significantly reduced in the tongue dysplastic mucosa or squamous cell carcinoma. The SSCP disclosed banding shifts or new bands in exons 2/3, 4, 8, and 9 for the tongue or buccal oral carcinomas (five of each). In exon 9 the mutation in codon 307 (ala)GCC-GTC(val) was present in the tongue but not in the buccal carcinoma. Other markers included the level of PCNA. PCNA was initially lower in the premalignant tongue lesions but increased in oral squamous cell carcinoma at both sites. In contrast, the amount of nucleosome formation in the tongue carcinomas was less than the level noted for buccal cancers but premalignant dysplasias in the tongue mucosa exhibited higher levels. The inhibitor of PCD, Bcl-2 was lower for dysplasias and carcinomas of the tongue compared to similar lesions of the buccal mucosa. These results indicate that oral carcinomas of different anatomical sites can exhibit differences in growth, oncogene mutation expression, and the development of PCD. The differences in Bcl-2 and nucleosome formation may signify their influence on oncogene expression and growth potential for developing transformed clones and established oral carcinomas.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗

PubMed2000

Outdated EpiPen and EpiPen Jr autoinjectors: past their prime?

BACKGROUND: EpiPen and EpiPen Jr autoinjectors are often recommended for prehospital treatment of anaphylaxis. When these units become outdated, there may be a delay in replacing them. OBJECTIVES: Our purpose was to evaluate unused, outdated EpiPen and EpiPen Jr autoinjectors, obtained from patients at risk for anaphylaxis, for epinephrine bioavailability and epinephrine content. METHODS: We conducted a prospective, randomized, cross-over study of epinephrine bioavailability after injection from outdated autoinjectors in rabbits; controls included EpiPen and EpiPen Jr autoinjectors that had not expired ("in-date" autoinjectors) and intramuscular injection of 0.9% saline solution. In addition, the epinephrine content of the outdated EpiPen and EpiPen Jr autoinjectors was measured by a spectrophotometric method and an HPLC-UV method. RESULTS: Twenty-eight EpiPen and 6EpiPen Jr autoinjectors were studied 1 to 90 months after the stated expiration date. Most were not discolored and did not contain precipitates. Epinephrine bioavailability from the outdated EpiPen autoinjectors was significantly reduced (P <.05) compared with epinephrine bioavailability from the in-date autoinjectors. The inverse correlation between the decreased epinephrine content of the outdated autoinjectors, assessed with an HPLC-UV method, and the number of months past the expiration date was 0.63. CONCLUSIONS: For prehospital treatment of anaphylaxis, we recommend the use of EpiPen and EpiPen Jr autoinjectors that are not outdated. If, however, the only autoinjector available is an outdated one, it could be used as long as no discoloration or precipitates are apparent because the potential benefit of using it is greater than the potential risk of a suboptimal epinephrine dose or of no epinephrine treatment at all.

Anaphylaxis↗

PubMed2000

Synthesis and cytotoxic activity of a series of diacetylenic compounds related to falcarindiol.

The synthesis of a series of diacetylenic compounds related to the natural product falcarindiol has been carried out. Unsymmetrical diacetylenes were prepared by a modification of the Cadiot-Chodkiewicz coupling reaction, while a Glaser coupling was used to prepare symmetrical diacetylenes. These compounds have been tested for in vitro cytotoxic activity against Hep-G2, and H-4-II-E cell lines. Diacetylenes with additional unsaturation at C-1, 2, appended with hydroxyl groups at C-3 and C-8, or with long hydrophobic chains, exhibited IC50 values in the micromolar range.

Antineoplastic Agents↗

PubMed2000

Can epinephrine inhalations be substituted for epinephrine injection in children at risk for systemic anaphylaxis?

BACKGROUND: For out-of-hospital treatment of anaphylaxis, inhalation of epinephrine from a pressurized metered-dose inhaler is sometimes recommended as a noninvasive, user-friendly alternative to an epinephrine injection. OBJECTIVE: To determine the feasibility of administering an adequate epinephrine dose from a metered-dose inhaler in children at risk for anaphylaxis by assessing the rate and extent of epinephrine absorption after inhalation. METHODS: We performed a prospective, randomized, observer-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study in 19 asymptomatic children with a history of anaphylaxis. Based on the child's weight, 10, 15, or 20 carefully supervised epinephrine or placebo inhalations were attempted. Before dosing, and at intervals from 5 to 180 minutes after dosing, we monitored plasma epinephrine concentrations, blood glucose, heart rate, blood pressure, and adverse effects. RESULTS: Eleven children (mean +/- standard error of the mean: 9 +/- 1 years and 33 +/- 3 kg) in the epinephrine group were able to inhale 11 +/- 2 (range: 3-20) puffs, equivalent to 74% +/- 7% of the precalculated dose or 0.078 +/- 0.009 mg/kg. They achieved a mean peak plasma epinephrine concentration of 1822 +/- 413 (range: 230-4518) pg/mL at 32.7 +/- 6.2 minutes. Eight children (10 +/- 1 years of age and 33 +/- 5 kg) in the placebo group were able to inhale 12 +/- 2 (range: 8-20) puffs, 89% +/- 3% of the precalculated dose, and had a peak endogenous plasma epinephrine concentration of 1316 +/- 247 (range: 522-2687) pg/mL at 44.4 +/- 16.7 minutes. In the children receiving epinephrine compared with those receiving placebo, mean plasma epinephrine concentrations were not significantly higher at any time, mean blood glucose concentrations were significantly higher from 10 to 30 minutes, mean heart rate was not significantly different at any time, and mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures were not significantly increased at most times. After the inhalations of epinephrine or placebo, the children complained of bad taste and many experienced cough or dizziness. After inhaling epinephrine, 1 child developed nausea, pallor, and muscle twitching. CONCLUSIONS: Despite expert coaching, because of the number of epinephrine inhalations required and the bad taste of the inhalations, most children were unable to inhale sufficient epinephrine to increase their plasma epinephrine concentrations promptly and significantly. Therefore, we urge caution in recommending epinephrine inhalation as a substitute for epinephrine injection for out-of-hospital treatment of anaphylaxis symptoms in children.

Administration, Inhalation↗

PubMed2000

Dietary intake of isothiocyanates: evidence of a joint effect with glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms in lung cancer risk.

Isothiocyanates (ITCs) are nonnutrient compounds in cruciferous vegetables with anticarcinogenic properties. One proposed mechanism for their protective action is through down-regulation of cytochrome P-450 biotransformation enzyme levels and induction of phase II detoxifying enzymes. Because ITCs also serve as a substrate for GSTs, we evaluated dietary intake of ITCs and GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotype information in a lung cancer case-control study. There were 503 newly diagnosed lung cancer cases (264 men and 239 women) identified from The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center and 465 controls (252 men and 213 women) recruited from enrollees in a local managed care organization. Subjects had an in-person interview including a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire, and blood samples were obtained for genotyping. Cases reported significantly lower ITC intake per day compared with controls (P = 0.009). There was no main effect associated with the GSTM1 null genotype [odds ratio (OR) = 1.09]. However, there was a statistically significant OR of 1.41 associated with the GSTT1 null genotype. On stratified analysis, low ITC intake and the GSTM1 null genotype were associated with increased lung cancer risk in current smokers, with an OR of 2.22 [confidence interval (CI) = 1.20-4.10). For current smokers with the GSTT1 null genotype, the OR with low ITC intake was 3.19 (CI = 1.54-6.62). The comparable OR in the presence of both null genotypes was 5.45 (CI = 1.72-17.22). These effects were not demonstrable for former smokers by GSTM1 genotype, although the risk for low ITC intake and GSTT1 null genotype was 1.79 (CI = 0.95-3.37). Thus, current smokers who are homozygous null for the GST null genotype and who consume less carcinogenic blocking compounds are at higher lung cancer risk. Some of the inconsistencies reported in the role of GST genotypes in lung cancer risk could be due to unexpected confounding from dietary factors.

Aged↗

PubMed2000

[Histochemical study and classification of facial muscles fibers].

OBJECTIVE: To study the histological and histochemical characteristics of the facial muscle fiber. METHODS: Seven biopsy specimens of the facial muscle from twelve patients were stained with histochemical method. The diameter and the histochemical type of the fibers were analysed by staining of M-ATP ase and NADA-TR. Type I and type II fibers were evaluated respectively by means of computer-assisted image analysis. RESULTS: The fiber diameter is between 24.3-63.9 microns. According to the quantity of fiber I, facial muscles may be classified into three groups: 1. Phasic muscle contains less than 20 percent of type I fibers; 2. Intermediate muscle contains 21 to 40 percent of type I fibers; 3. Tonic muscle contains 41 to 69 percent of type I fibers. CONCLUSION: The results of the study show that the histological and histochemical difference of facial muscles may have significance in facial paralysis restoration.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

[Population growth, distribution pattern and sampling technique of Thrips palmi on eggplant].

Population growth of Thrips palmi Karny on eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) were analyzed by mathematical models. The rate of population increase (r) of the adults and immature (instars 1-2) T. palmi were estimated to be 0.0630 and 0.0801 respectively in the open fields, and 0.0983 and 0.1036 respectively in the greenhouse. K value of logistic curve of T. palmi was estimated to be 33.90 in the greenhouse, and 23.50 in the open fields. The relationship between mean crowding (M*) and mean density (M) of T. palmi per eggplant leaf were estimated by Iwao's M*-M regression. The regression equation of adult and immature T. palmi on eggplant were: M* = 0.6011 + 1.468M and M* = 7.2515 + 2.064M respectively. The regression equation of the number of adult and immature was M* = 7.5138 + 1.9119M. When the population density of the adults and immature T. palmi per eggplant leaf were 10 to 100, the number of sampling should be 78 to 44.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

[Surgical treatment of cervical lymph nodes in 301 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate cervical lymph metastases and its surgical treatment of oral carcinoma with regard to primary location and TNM classification. METHODS: 301 previously untreated patients were included in the follow-up study to calculate the rate of histopathologically positive lymph metastasis and the rate of recurrences in untreated necks and after FND (functional neck dissection). RESULTS: Lymph node pathologic positive rates were N0 7.4%, N1 14.7%, N2 76.2%. Recurrences occurred in 32.1% untreated necks and 14.7% necks after FND of carcinomas of tongue, buccal, lower-gingiva and oral floor, while rarely in necks of carcinomas of palate and upper-gingiva. CONCLUSIONS: TNM classification is useful to estimate lymph metastasis. Application of elective neck dissection needs to expand in carcinomas of the above four sites. It should be careful when choose FND.

Adult↗