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Biomedical subjects

W Yule

Publications and source records attributed to W Yule.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Social desirability and self-reported anxiety in children: an analysis of the RCMAS Lie scale.

There are important applied and theoretical reasons for research into the association between social desirability and self-reported anxiety in young people. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between anxiety and social desirability in a large normative sample of 7- to 14-year-olds (N = 1,786). Participants completed the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale and their teachers rated children as anxious-not anxious according to specified descriptions. Results indicated that anxiety and lie scores do not correlate for either gender or age grouping. However, anxiety scores interacted with lie scores differently for males and females in terms of the agreement between children's and teacher's ratings of anxiety. Indications are that social desirability levels may in part explain the consistent discrepancies found between child and adult reports of anxiety in young people.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Memory for emotional trait adjectives in clinically depressed youth.

An experiment was conducted to examine memory for emotional trait adjectives in depressed children and adolescents. Two groups of children and adolescents, clinically depressed participants and non-clinical controls, were compared on computerized versions of recall and recognition memory tasks. Three groups of words (positive trait adjectives, negative trait adjectives, and categorized neutral words) were used in the experiment. Results showed that the depressed group recalled significantly more negative adjectives than positive adjectives, whereas the control group recalled the same number of positive and negative adjectives. This effect was predicted by the association between age and level of depression, with the depression-related bias becoming stronger with age. Signal detection analysis revealed that the depressed group did not show any bias in the recognition task. The findings are discussed with respect to cognitive theories of depression with consideration of the developmental implications.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Information processing in recovered depressed children and adolescents.

Previous research into subjective probability estimates for negative events revealed that depressed children estimated events as equally likely to happen to themselves as to other children. In contrast, both controls and anxious children estimated that negative events were more likely to happen to others than to themselves. The present study followed up this finding by investigating the subjective probability judgements concerning future negative events generated by children and adolescents who have recovered from depression. Subjects generated probability estimates either for themselves or for other children for a range of negative events on a visual analogue scale. The results revealed that both recovered depressed and matched control groups estimated negative events as significantly more likely to happen to others than to themselves. It was also found that the recovered depressed subjects estimated that negative events were less likely overall, compared to the controls. These results are discussed in the context of the adult literature.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Information processing in clinically depressed and anxious children and adolescents.

The investigation of cognitive content and processes in childhood anxiety and depression has lagged behind similar research in the adult population. What studies do exist have largely restricted themselves to examining the nature of the thoughts that anxious and depressed children report. There is almost no research examining the ways in which anxious and depressed children perceive, attend to, remember, or think and make judgements about, emotional material. The present study investigated the subjective probability judgements that anxious and depressed children make concerning future negative events. Subjects generated probability estimates either for themselves or for other children for a range of events on a visual analogue scale. Events were either physically-threat-related or socially-threat-related. The results revealed no differences of interest with respect to type of threat but interesting differences between the groups with respect to reference. Depressed subjects estimated that events were equally likely to happen to themselves as to other children whereas both the controls and anxious children estimated that negative events were more likely to happen to others than to themselves, with this effect being stronger in the anxious group. These results are discussed in the context of the adult literature and also the limited literature on emotion-related cognitive processing in children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Attitudes towards emotional expression and post-traumatic stress in survivors of the Herald of Free Enterprise disaster.

The relationship between self-reported attitudes towards emotional expression, assessed at three years after the accident, and post-traumatic symptoms, assessed at five years after the accident, was investigated in 37 survivors of the Herald of Free Enterprise disaster. It was found that lower scores on the attitudes towards emotional expression scale, indicating more negative attitudes (e.g. 'I think getting emotional is a sign of weakness') were associated with higher symptom scores. This association remained even when retrospectively assessed perceptions of helplessness during the disaster and symptoms assessed at three years were partialled out. Implications for therapeutic intervention are discussed.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1996

Crisis support following the Herald of Free-Enterprise disaster: a longitudinal perspective.

Crisis support was assessed with survivors of the Herald of Free Enterprise ferry sinking at 3 and 6 years postdisaster. It was found that reported levels of support received from family and friends decreased over the first 3 years after the event but increased over the subsequent 3 years. In addition, higher retrospective ratings of crisis support received in the immediate aftermath of the disaster were found to predict lower levels of posttraumatic symptomatology as assessed by the Impact of Event Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory at a later period. The results replicate earlier findings following the Jupiter Cruise ship disaster and are thought to have implications for the assessment and treatment of survivors at high risk of disturbance.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1996

Chronic emotional processing in survivors of the Herald of Free Enterprise disaster: the relationship of intrusion and avoidance at 3 years to distress at 5 years.

Thirty-seven survivors completed the Impact of Event Scale (IES), a measure of intrusive and avoidant activity, at around 3 yr following the Herald of Free Enterprise disaster. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between scores on the IES to scores on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory (STAI-Y1) at around 5 yr subsequent to the event. Higher scores on the IES were able to predict higher scores on the BDI and the STAI-Y1 over and above scores on the 28-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) which was also administered at around 3 yr on from the event. Implications for cognitive-behaviour therapy are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Reading problems and antisocial behaviour: developmental trends in comorbidity.

Samples of poor and normal readers were followed through adolescence and into early adulthood to assess continuities in the comorbidity between reading difficulties and disruptive behaviour problems. Reading-disabled boys showed high rates of inattentiveness in middle childhood, but no excess of teacher-rated behaviour problems at age 14 and no elevated rates of aggression, antisocial personality disorder or officially recorded offending in early adulthood. Increased risks of juvenile offending among specifically retarded-reading boys seemed associated with poor school attendance, rather than reading difficulties per se. Reading problems were associated with some increases in disruptive behaviour in their teens in girls.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Sleep problems in children with Sanfilippo syndrome.

Sanfilippo syndrome is a rare degenerative disorder which has severe intellectual and behavioural sequelae, commonly including sleep problems. A parental questionnaire was used to gather information on the sleep patterns of 80 children with Sanfilippo syndrome (mean age 10 years 2 months). The majority were found to have sleep problems (78%). Many also exhibited other distressing and unusual night time behaviours (staying up all night, chewing the bedclothes or crying out suddenly), and a few laughed or sang. Such problems may have been more severe in those with Sanfilippo syndrome type B. In four of the families offered individually tailored behaviour-management advice there was immediate improvement, which was maintained at followup in two cases. These results demonstrate the usefulness of even such a minimal intervention, even in a very difficult population such as this.

Child↗
PubMed1995

Personality and antisocial behavior in children and adolescents: an enquiry into Eysenck's and Gray's theories.

Two studies were conducted to test the hypotheses derived from Eysenck's and Gray's theories of personality regarding antisocial behavior. For this purpose the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (Junior) (EPQ-Junior) and a card task aimed at measuring sensitivity to reward were used in each of the studies. The first study compared a group of juvenile delinquents with a group of nondelinquents and the second study compared a group of severely conduct-disordered children with a group of normal children. The results did not support Eysenck's claim that delinquents score higher than their normal counterparts on extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism. Some support was found for the hypothesis derived from Gray's theory: Children and adolescents with severe antisocial behavior were more sensitive to rewards than their normal counterparts.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Emotional processing in survivors of the Jupiter cruise ship disaster.

Twenty-three survivors of the Jupiter cruise ship disaster completed the Impact of Events Scale, a measure of intrusion and avoidance, as well as measures of arousal and affect at two points in time: between 3 and 7 months (Time 1) and between 12 and 14 months (Time 2) following the event. The aim of the present study was to explore the relationship between intrusion and avoidance and symptoms of depression and anxiety. The results suggest that although higher scores on intrusion and avoidance are strongly associated with poorer psychological outcome at each point in time, it is only intrusion which may be predictive of later symptoms. Avoidance would seem to be a response to early distress. These data are discussed with reference to a cognitive--emotional processing model of post-traumatic stress disorder.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1995

Post-traumatic stress disorder in airplane cabin crew attendants.

Six cabin crew attendants who survived an airplane crash in which 47 passengers were killed were assessed for post-traumatic stress disorder and other psychological problems. Each was interviewed 8 months after the crash and completed questionnaires measuring intrusive thoughts, avoidance, depressed mood, anxiety, and fear. Questionnaires were repeated 10 months later. All six met DSM-III-R criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder, reported a wide range of symptoms, and developed a fear of flying 8 months after the crash. Depression scores were normal 18 months after the crash, but all other measures remained unchanged, showing a continued high level of traumatic stress. Results point to the potential for crash survivors to develop chronic psychological problems. The highest levels of distress were reported by the three most senior members of staff with the most responsibility on board, who had also suffered the most severe physical injury. Clinical implications of the results are discussed, and the need for predisaster training of cabin crew and postdisaster treatment is emphasized.

Accidents, Aviation↗
PubMed1994

The Herald of Free Enterprise disaster: the relationship of intrusion and avoidance to subsequent depression and anxiety.

Twenty-five survivors completed the Impact of Events Scale, a measure of intrusive reexperiencing and avoidant behaviour, approx. 7 months following the Herald of Free Enterprise disaster. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship of scores on these scales to scores on the Beck Depression Inventory and the Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory at approx. 19 months subsequent to the event. Greater intrusive reexperiencing was found to be associated with greater depression and anxiety over and above the intensity of exposure and the fact of bereavement. These data are discussed with reference to a cognitive processing model of post-traumatic stress.

Anxiety Disorders↗
PubMed1994

Information processing in post-traumatic stress disorder.

Previous research has established that patients suffering from anxiety disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), exhibit a cognitive bias that selectively favours the processing of threat material. This information processing bias has frequently been demonstrated by subjects' performance on the Stroop colour-naming task. The current experiment investigated the selective processing of threat information in people with PTSD using a modified Stroop procedure. Subjects were 13 ferry disaster survivors with high PTSD symptomatology, 20 survivors of the same disaster with low PTSD symptomatology, and 12 non-traumatized control subjects. All were asked to colour-name five types of words: ferry disaster words, general threat words, neutral semantically-unrelated words, neutral semantically-related words, and positive words. The disaster survivors with high levels of PTSD symptomatology evidenced a significantly longer response latency for colour-naming disaster-related words than for other word types. The results of the low-PTSD survivors and non-traumatized controls showed no significant difference between response latencies for general threat words and disaster word, although all 3 groups showed increased latencies for threat words compared with neutral words. The mechanisms proposed to underlie this response pattern are discussed, and clinical implications are considered.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Correlates of post-traumatic stress at 30 months: the Herald of Free Enterprise disaster.

Although exposure to a traumatic event is thought to be the main aetiological factor in the development of post-traumatic stress disorder, there remain large unexplained individual differences in the severity and chronicity of symptoms. The aim of the present study was to assess the relative contribution of a number of social and psychological factors which are thought to determine symptoms. Crisis support and life-events subsequent to the disaster are the two best predictors of general psychological well-being, whereas a sense of helplessness during the disaster and bereavement are the two best predictors of intrusive symptomatology.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Causal attributions and post-traumatic stress in adolescents.

The aim of the present study was to explore the relationship between causal attributions made by adolescent survivors of the Jupiter cruise ship sinking, and post-traumatic symptomatology in the year following disaster. Evidence is presented that more internal causal attributions for negative and uncontrollable events during the incident are associated with greater post-traumatic stress one year later. The findings are discussed with reference to an attributional model of shame.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Crisis support in the aftermath of disaster: a longitudinal perspective.

Crisis support was assessed over an 18-month period with survivors of the Jupiter cruise ship disaster. It was found that the support received from family and friends decreased significantly over time. In addition, higher crisis support in the immediate aftermath was found to predict less post-traumatic symptomatology at a later period. The results are thought to have implications for the assessment and treatment of survivors at high risk of disturbance.

Adaptation, Psychological↗