Effects of dietary phosphate restriction in children with chronic renal failure.
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Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to W W McCrory.
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This report describes the occurrence of immune complex glomerulonephritis in a patient with eosinophilic gastroenteritis and food hypersensitivity. A coincident allergen injection may have been a contributing factor in the sudden development of the nephrotic syndrome. Markedly elevated levels of circulating immune complexes (greater than 6400 mg/dl) were found containing kappa-casein and bovine serum albumin (BSA), the latter predominating. Markedly elevated serum BSA hemagglutinating titers were also present (1:40,960). Cross-reacting precipitating antibodies to BSA, beef, and pork were demonstrated, but not to flounder or ovalbumin. Renal biopsy revealed immune complex glomerulonephritis with BSA, immunoglobulins M and G and complement deposited focally in the glomerular basement membrane. With strict dietary limitation of identified causative antigens and prednisone therapy, CIC levels decreased to 16,000 micrograms/dl and serum BSA antibody hemagglutinating titer fell 32-fold over a period of 15 months. There was prompt symptomatic relief and amelioration of signs of nephritis. The patient was able to consume a diet normal in protein and caloric content, and statural catch-up growth occurred. Recognition of food antigens to which the patient was hypersensitive provided a rationale for the relief of the gastrointestinal disturbance, growth stunting, and renal disease.
Comparative evaluation of isometric and dynamic exercise performance in normotensive, borderline hypertensive and hypertensive adolescents was made. Hemodynamic changes were correlated with level of adrenergic sympathetic nervous system activity as measured by plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine values. No significant intergroup differences were found with respect to isometric exercise with the exception of high peak isometric exercise heart rates and plasma epinephrine levels in the patients with significant hypertension. During dynamic treadmill testing, patients with the most marked hypertension demonstrated a statistically significantly greater tachycardia response to exercise that correlated with highest peak exercise epinephrine levels. The most hypertensive systolic dynamic exercise response was evidenced in the borderline hypertensive group in which peak exercise norepinephrine values were significantly higher than in other groups. Maximal exercise serum lactate levels were higher in hypertensive patient groups than in normotensive subjects. Altered hemodynamic response to peak dynamic exercise appears to exist in adolescents with borderline and significant hypertension and is in part mediated by altered activity of the sympathetic nervous system.
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An explanation of the functional development of the renal system is offered, with particular emphasis on glomerular fitration, renal vascular resistance, the development of the renal tubules, and quantitative measurement of renal obstruction.
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The safety and efficacy of diazoxide administered intravenously in the treatment of children with acute severe hypertension have been evaluated by a collaborative study. Observations of the response of blood pressure in 36 patients, ranging in age from two months to 18 years, during the initial episode of hospitalization reveal diazoxide treatment to be effective in lowering blood pressure in 94 per cent of the cases. No serious adverse circulatory, fluid and electrolyte, metabolic or hematologic effects were observed. Symptomatic and subjective reactions observed with diazoxide administered intravenously to children were identical with those described in adults. Reinstitution of other means of antihypertensive therapy is safe and effective when delayed until the transiently induced period of hypotension has passed. Repeated use of diazoxide for subsequent recurrence of severe hypertension was equally effective and safe in 93 per cent of the instances. The results lead us to recommend the use of intravenous diazoxide for treatment of children with severe symptomatic hypertension especially when it is refractory to control by other hypertensive agents.
Analysis has shown that the over-all death rate from renal disease for residents of New York City under 25 years of age has declined from 4.6 per 100,000 in 1950 to 2.3 per 100,000 in 1970. Nephritis and nephrosis was the major disease category accounting for this decrease in deaths. A similar trend was found for the United States as a whole. Other causes of renal disease did not manifest consistent changes in death rates. The decline in deaths from nephritis and nephrosis could not be ascribed solely to changing diagnostic habits or terminology. A possible alternative explanation is a change in the natural history of these diseases. Data of this type might be useful as an index to future trends in the mortality rate from renal diseases and as one basis for projections of potential future needs for dialysis and renal transplantation. Using 1965 data, we estimate the number of such potential candidates in New York City would have been 9 per 1,000,000 for the 5 to 14 year age group and 23 per 1,000,000 for the 15 to 24 year age group. There are significant limitations of projections based on such data. These estimates of potential candidates for chronic dialysis or renal transplantation are the first available for children in the United States.
The embryologic development of the metanephric kidney is a regulated and sequential growth process. The induction of the early precursors of the metanephric kidney (pronephros and mesonephric) are essential first steps for the later appearance of the metanephric kidney. The pathogenesis of cystic disease can now be reexamined in light of these unique but carefully programmed growth processes with the expectation that the specific nature of the several growth disorders responsible can be more clearly defined.
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