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W W Eaton

Publications and source records attributed to W W Eaton.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Occupational characteristics and the occurrence of psychotic disorders.

This study was undertaken to investigate whether individuals working under various occupational stressors are at increased risk of three forms of psychotic conditions. This paper presents prospective analyses of antecedent occupational stressors in psychotic conditions with interview data from a community sample in five US metropolitan areas--the NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program. Three non-overlapping conditions were defined using DSM-III definitions as assessed by the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS): (1) DSM-III schizophrenia criterion A; (2) full schizophrenia; and (3) criterion A and affective episode. Artistic (RR = 3.32, 95% CI 1.08-10.14) and construction trades occupations (RR = 2.58, 95% CI 1.15-5.77), "noisome working conditions" occupations (RR = 1.20, 95% CI 0.99-1.47) and physically demanding occupations (RR = 1.39, 95% CI 1.05-1.72) were associated with increased risk of developing DIS/DSM-III schizophrenia criterion A, even after adjustment for sociodemographic and psychopathology factors including alcohol and marijuana use. Psychologically demanding occupations (RR = 0.85, 95% CI 0.75-0.95) were associated with decreased risk of developing DIS/DSM-III schizophrenia. This finding is supported by results from experimental studies on the arousability of pre-schizophrenics. Finally, teachers (RR = 11.35, 95% CI 2.56-50.38), sales occupations (RR = 4.16, 95% CI 1.00-21.30) and occupations characterized by low control over work were associated with increased risk of developing DIS criterion A and affective episode, resembling previous findings on occupational stressors and depression. Overall, our results replicate and extend previous work on occupational stressors and psychotic conditions through use of prospective data, several psychotic conditions, multiple assessment of occupational stressors and adjustment for potential confounders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Screening for psychosis in the general population with a self-report interview.

This analysis applies methods of screening to the problem of psychosis. A probability sample of 810 individuals from the Eastern Baltimore Mental Health Survey was interviewed in the self-report modality with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule and shortly thereafter by a psychiatrist. It is shown that a configuration of responses in the self-report modality can screen moderately well for psychosis, as measured by psychiatrists in the clinical modality.

Baltimore↗
PubMed1991

Affective symptoms associated with the onset of major depression in the community: findings from the US National Institute of Mental Health Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program.

This study examined the strength of relationships between forms of depressive symptoms over a one-year period and the onset of major depression. The data analyzed were collected in 4 sites of the US National Institute of Mental Health Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program (NIMH-ECA, 1981-1985). The Diagnostic Interview Schedule's specifications of DSM-III criteria for major depression were employed. Overall, the results indicated a strong positive association between an onset episode and the following depressive symptoms over 1 year: diminished sexual drive, feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt and trouble concentrating or thinking. Sleep disturbance among women and fatigue among males were also significantly associated with experiencing an onset of major depression. The implications of the findings for secondary prevention efforts are explored.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Risk factors for the onset of Diagnostic Interview Schedule/DSM-III agoraphobia in a prospective, population-based study.

We analyzed the onset of agoraphobia in a large prospective study of the general population. The annual incidence of Diagnostic Interview Schedule/DSM-III agoraphobia is estimated at 22 per 1000 population per year. Latent class analysis of new cases in the at-risk population reveals the existence of two subtypes of agoraphobia. The relationship of the incidence of the two subtypes to sociodemographic and psychopathologic risk factors suggests different origins. The data also show that in two thirds of the 260 new cases of Diagnostic Interview Schedule/DSM-III agoraphobia, onset occurs without a history of panic attack. We analyzed the relationship of these epidemiologic results to earlier clinical findings in terms of possible measurement and sampling differences.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Risk factors for the onset of panic disorder and other panic attacks in a prospective, population-based study.

A total of 383 cases of incident panic attack were identified among 12,823 participants in the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program over various 12-month periods in 1980-1983. These cases not phobia-stimulated were compared with 766 controls. Risk factors were examined for the onset of panic attacks, with attacks categorized as panic disorder, severe and unexplained panic attacks, or other panic attacks. Risk factors were also examined for the onset of attacks in which cardiovascular symptoms were experienced and those in which psychologic symptoms were experienced. Females were at greater risk than males for each category of attacks (relative odds ranged from 1.36 to 2.25). Persons aged 65 years or older were at lower risk than younger persons (relative odds, compared with 30- to 44-year-olds, ranged from 0.26 to 0.71). A history of cardiac symptoms, shortness of breath, depression or a major grief episode, drug abuse or dependence, alcohol abuse or dependence, and seizures were each strongly associated with panic attacks. A history of cardiac symptoms was more strongly associated with attacks in which cardiovascular symptoms were experienced than with attacks in which psychologic symptoms were experienced (relative odds, 8.36 vs. 2.23). A history of seizures was more strongly associated with attacks with psychologic symptoms than with attacks with cardiovascular symptoms (relative odds, 5.21 vs. 1.58).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Racial differences in prevalence of phobic disorders.

Few community-based field studies have examined racial differences in the prevalence of phobia disorders. Using data from two sites of a large epidemiologic survey, this study investigates risk factors associated with the one-month prevalence of phobia disorders from 2340 black and 3936 white respondents. Findings indicate that recent prevalence is higher for blacks than whites, with racial differences remaining even when demographic and socioeconomic factors are held constant. Additional significant risk factors for recent phobia pertained to site and being female, being young, and having low education attainment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Occupations and the prevalence of major depressive disorder.

The prevalence of depression has rarely been studied in a manner permitting comparisons across a range of occupations. This analysis reveals considerable range in prevalence in 104 occupations of major depressive disorder as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (ed 3), and measured by the National Institute of Mental Health's Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Five occupations had prevalence rates above 10%. When adjusted for sociodemographic factors, three occupations yield prevalences with statistically significant elevations in the rate, compared with employed persons generally. The three are lawyers, with an odds ratio of 3.6; other teachers and counselors, with an odds ratio of 2.8; and secretaries, with an odds ratio of 1.9. Exploration of possible sources of these differences concludes the paper.

Computers↗
PubMed1989

The incidence of specific DIS/DSM-III mental disorders: data from the NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program.

Incidence data are presented for the 7 most frequent specific categories of mental disorder available in the NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) program (major depressive disorder; panic disorder; phobic disorder; obsessive-compulsive disorder; drug abuse/dependence; alcohol abuse/dependence; cognitive impairment). The DSM-III case definitions in the ECA Program are according to the implementation of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS). Rates of incidence are presented specific for age, sex, and site, and pooled smoothed curves for the relationship of age to incidence, specific for sex are shown. The 7 disorders have distinctly different relationships to sex and age of onset.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

DSM-III major depressive disorder in the community. A latent class analysis of data from the NIMH epidemiologic catchment area programme.

The fit of the structure of DSM-III major depressive disorder to data from two large epidemiological surveys is assessed by latent class analysis. The surveys were conducted at the Baltimore and Raleigh-Durham sites of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program. Three classes are required to fit the data, and the third class bears a strong resemblance to major depressive disorder, although it requires slightly more symptoms to be present than DSM-III. The derived structure replicates successfully for Baltimore and Raleigh-Durham, with a prevalence of the major depression category of 0.9% for both sites.

Catchment Area, Health↗
PubMed1988

Distinguishing anxiety and depression with field survey data.

Data on self-reported symptoms collected in the East Baltimore site of the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program are analysed in parallel fashion for the two syndromes of anxiety and depression. Patterns of relationships of anxiety and depression to sociodemographic factors, prior psychopathology, and life events fail markedly to distinguish the two syndromes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

The proband method in psychiatric epidemiology: a bias associated with differences in family size.

Psychiatric epidemiology has traditionally employed both census and proband-based methods to determine the population prevalence of psychiatric disorders. In this article we outline a potential bias in the proband method. With this method, the probability of ascertainment for an individual depends on the number of available relatives. If the average size of families containing one or more affected individuals (RA) differs from the average size of families with no affected individuals (RU), then the ratio of the prevalence estimated by the proband method to the true prevalence is approximately [(RA - 1)/(RU - 1)]. For certain psychiatric disorders associated with decreased family size (e.g. schizophrenia), the underestimation of prevalence by the proband method may be non-trivial.

Epidemiologic Methods↗
PubMed1985

The epidemiology of panic attacks and panic disorder. Results of three community surveys.

The authors report findings pertaining to panic disorder from the first three sites of the National Institute of Mental Health Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program. Probability samples of about 3,000 persons aged 18 years or older were interviewed in the New Haven, Connecticut area, eastern Baltimore City, Maryland, and the greater St. Louis, Missouri area in 1980-1982. Information on panic attacks and panic disorder was obtained using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. The prevalence rate of panic attacks in the prior six months was found to be about 3% at each of the sites, while the prevalence of panic disorder varied from 0.6 to 1.0%. Age at onset was found to peak at 15-19 years. Simple panic attacks, severe and recurrent panic attacks, and panic disorder were found to be characterized by similar symptom profiles and age at onset distributions, and to have similar distributions by demographic factors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Stability of coping style 33 years after prolonged exposure to extreme stress.

Respondents who were in hiding or in the armed resistance movement in Nazi occupied Europe are assumed to have had avoidant and confronting coping styles, respectively. Responses to questionnaire items tapping behavior, attitudes and perceptions were examined in the two groups for the persistence of these same traits 33 years after World War II, in a study of randomly selected community sample of Jews. Taken as a whole, but not individually, responses to the questionnaire items suggested that the traits did persist (P less than 0.001). The results highlight the importance of distinguishing individual differences in coping style when studying the long-term effects of prolonged, stressful experiences.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1984

The NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area program. Historical context, major objectives, and study population characteristics.

The National Institute of Mental Health multisite Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) program is described in the context of four previous psychiatric epidemiologic surveys that included a combined total of 4,000 subjects from Stirling County, the Baltimore Morbidity Study, Midtown Manhattan, and the New Haven third-wave survey. The ECA program is distinguished by its sample size of at least 3,500 subjects per site (about 20,000 total); the focus on Diagnostic Interview Schedule--defined DSM-III mental disorders; the one-year reinterview-based longitudinal design to obtain incidence and service use data; the linkage of epidemiologic and health service use data; and the replication of design and method in multiple sites. Demographic characteristics of community and sample populations are provided for New Haven, Conn, Baltimore, and St Louis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

The design of the Epidemiologic Catchment Area surveys. The control and measurement of error.

Several methods are used to minimize and measure error in the NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area program. Sampling methods involve the inclusion of group quarters such as prisons, nursing homes, and mental hospitals in the sample frame and the use of probability sampling throughout. Interviewing, methods include use of identical diagnostic interview protocols, centralized training of interview supervisors, standard instructions to interviewers, and reinterview of a subsample by clinicians. In the area of completion, the methods include a 75% to 80% respondent completion rate, a 95% or greater completion rate for individual questions, use of informant interviews where necessary, and statistical adjustments to correct for low completion rates in some subgroups. Analytic methods include use of a computerized diagnostic algorithm, common estimation formulas on identically formatted data files, and estimation of exact variances that take account of the multistage sample design.

Catchment Area, Health↗
PubMed1984

Prevalence of schizophrenia in the Labadi District of Ghana.

Age- sex-specific point prevalence rates for schizophrenia are presented for an area in Ghana. Sources of case material included local mental hospitals, general health clinics, shrines of traditional healers, and roaming eccentrics. Denominators are projected from the 1970 census. Diagnosis was made by a single psychiatrist from interview and chart review.

Adolescent↗